GROUPE ONE PRESENTATION

Module name : Fundamental of nursing

Credit: 15
Assignment title : Discuss on theories suggested by
. Florence Nightingale’s and Heldegard Peplau
 Desired topics to cover
 Biography(life, experiences, awards, growth
corresponds to the nursing practice and process)
Theory descriptions
Theory assumptions
How nursing theories guide nursing practice
Challenges faced theorists
Some diffences between theorists
 Florence Nightingale's biography

Born in 12 May 1820

Nationality British (Florena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany)
Died 13 August 1930 (aged go)Died in Mayfair, London, England and Buried in the
churchyard of St Margaret's church in East Wallow.
Known for Pioneering Modern nursing • polar area diagram
Awards Royal red cross (1883) , Lady grace of the order of st John (LGSTJ) in 1904 ,
Order of Merit (1907)
Scientific Career

Fields:Hospital Hygiene and Sanitation, statistics


 Florence Nightingale's biography

Nightingales life:

Florence Nightingale Born in 1920, was a pioneering and social reformer.

 Known as the Founder of modern nursing, the rose to prominence during the

Crimean war, improving sanitary conditions and reducing mortality rates.

Nightingales’ work laid the foundation for professional nursing practices. She

contributes her contribution to health care and statistical analysis through her
life, leaving a lasting legacy in the field.
 . Nightingales’ Experience :Florence nightingale’s experiences were
Florence Nightingale's biography

diverse and impactful. During the Crimean war (1853-1856) , she led a
team of nurses to improve conditions in military hospital. Her
emphasis on clean lines and sanitation significantly reduced mortality
rate. Past war, Nightingale to shape nursing education and health care
policies. Her extensive writing on health care statistics and hospital
admissions further solidifies her relentless commitment to improving
medical practices and wellbeing of patience.
Florence Nightingale's biography
 Nightingales’ challenges
Florence Nightingale faced numerous challenges, especially during the Crimean

war.
The unsanitary conditions in military hospitals passed significant obstacles and

she had to overcome gander stereotype in her pursuits of a nursing career.

Despite these challenges, Nightingale’s determination and innovative approach

to healthcare ultimately led to transformative change changes in nursing and

hospital practices.
Florence Nightingale's biography
 Nightingale’s growth

Florence Nightingale’s growth in notable in her evolution from a young woman

defying societal norms to becoming the founder of modern nursing.

 Her experience during the Crimean war propelled her into leadership role

where she implemented ground breaking changes in health care practice.

Nightingale’s growth extended beyond war time as she continued to shape
nursing education and health care policies. Her commitment to statistical
analysis showed case intellectual growth, influencing not only nursing but also
the broader field of public health.
Nightingale’s theory description
Florence Nightingale's environmental theory is based on five
points listed below
 Healthy home
 Clean water
 Basic sanitation
 Cleanliness
Light
As she believed that a healthy environment was fundamental
for healing.
Nightingale’s theory contributions in modern nursing
 Nightingale made significant practical contributions to the field of nursing.
 She developed a training program for nurses that emphasized the
importance of practical experience and the development of nursing skills.
 She also established the first professional nursing organization, the
Nightingale School of Nursing, which provided training and education for
nurses.
 Nightingale’s theory of nursing emphasizes the importance of a holistic
approach to patient care, the role of the nurse as a facilitator of healing
and recovery, and the importance of professionalism and holistic
assessment.
B. Theory and Major Concepts of Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory:

Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory,

developed during the 19th century, focuses on the
relationship between the patient's environment and
their health. Major concepts include the person
(patient), environment, health, and nursing.
 Nightingale believed that a clean and well-ventilated
environment positively influenced patients' health.
 She emphasized the importance of fresh air, clean
water, proper nutrition, and sanitation.
 C. Assumptions of Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory:
 Nightingale's Environmental Theory has best defined assumptions
1. Nursing is separate from medicine.

2. Nurses should be trained.

3. The environment is important to the health of the patient.

4. The disease process is not important to nursing.

5. Nursing should support the environment to assist the patient in healing.

6. Research should be utilized through observation and empirics to define the nursing discipline.

7. Nursing is both an empirical science and an art.

8. Nursing’s concern is with the person in the environment.

9. The person is interacting with the environment.

10. Sickness and wellness are governed by the same laws of health.
NB: How does Nightingale's theory Guides Nursing Practice?
Nightingale's theory guides nursing practice by:

1. Emphasizing Hygiene: Nurses integrate principles of cleanliness and hygiene into patient

care routines, ensuring a safe and sanitary environment.

2. Infection Control: The theory prompts vigilant infection control measures to prevent the

spread of diseases in healthcare settings.

3.Patient Education: Nurses educate patients on maintaining a healthy environment post-

discharge, promoting long-term well-being.

4. Advocacy for Resources: Nurses advocate for resources and policies that support a

conducive healthcare environment, aligning with Nightingale's emphasis on the significance of

the physical surroundings.
2. Heldegard Peplau biography.
Heldegard was born in reading, Pennsylvania in 1909
Her groundbreaking work focused on interpersonal relations
in nursing.
Peplau developed the "Interpersonal Relations Theory,"
emphasizing the nurse-patient relationship as a therapeutic
tool.
Throughout her life, she contributed significantly to
psychiatric nursing, education, and mental health advocacy.
Peplau's legacy endures through her influential theories that
Hildegard Peplau biography.

Peplau's experience
 Hildegard Peplau's experience was primarily in psychiatric nursing.
She worked at various psychiatric institutions, where she gained
insights into the dynamics of nurse-patient relationships.
 Peplau's hands-on experience influenced her development of the
Interpersonal Relations Theory, which emphasized the importance of
communication and understanding in the nurse-patient interaction.
 Her work significantly impacted the evolution of psychiatric nursing
and the broader field of healthcare
Hildegard Peplau biography.

Peplau's challenges
While specific details about Hildegard Peplau's personal challenges may not be

widely documented, it's known that her pioneering work in psychiatric nursing
faced resistance from traditional medical models.
 The acceptance of her ideas about the significance of interpersonal

relationships in nursing was a gradual process. Overcoming skepticism and

fostering a shift in The approach to patient care were likely challenges Peplau
encountered during her career.
 Hildegard Peplau biography.

Peplau's Growth
Hildegard Peplau was a prominent nursing theorist known for her

contributions to the field of psychiatric nursing.

She was educator and author as well as her significant impact on the

development of therapeutic nurse-patient relationships.

Both Nightingale and Peplau faced rejection from the traditional medical practitioners but

particularly, Nightingale also faced rejection from military officials.

 Hildegard Peplau theory description
Interpersonal Relations Theory of Peplau theorized that
nurse-patient relationships must pass through three phases
in order to be successful: (a) orientation, (b) working, and (c)
termination.
Theory, focuses on the nurse-patient relationship and
emphasizes the importance of interpersonal interactions in
the healing process.
Peplau’s theory has been widely influential in the field of
nursing and has contributed to the development of
therapeutic communication techniques.
 Hildegard Peplau theory description
According to Peplau, nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal,
and goal-oriented process that involves the interaction
between the nurse and the patient. The nurse assumes
different roles during this process, including stranger,
resource person, teacher, leader, surrogate, and counselor.
These roles are designed to facilitate the patient’s growth
and promote their well-being.
Peplau identified four phases in the nurse-patient
relationship: orientation, identification, exploitation, and
resolution.
 Hildegard Peplau theory description
 Peplau believed that effective communication is essential for establishing a
therapeutic relationship.
 She emphasized active listening, empathy, respect for autonomy, and non-
judgmental attitudes as crucial components of effective communication.
 Through these interactions, nurses can gain insight into patients’ needs and
provide appropriate care.
 Theory has had a significant impact on nursing practice.
 It has helped shape modern nursing education by emphasizing the importance
of developing strong interpersonal skills among nurses.
 The theory has also influenced research in nursing by providing a framework
for studying nurse-patient relationships and communication.
 Assumptions of Hildegard Peplau theory
Here are the key concepts of Peplau's theory:
1. Interpersonal Relations: Peplau believed that nursing is an interpersonal
process that involves the interaction and relationship between the nurse and
the patient.
2. Nurse-Patient Relationship: The nurse-patient relationship is central to
Peplau's theory. She viewed it as a partnership where the nurse acts as a
facilitator, helping the patient to identify and address their healthcare needs.
3. Phases of the Nurse-Patient Relationship: Peplau identified four phases in
the development of the nurse-patient relationship: orientation, identification,
exploitation, and resolution. These phases represent the progression from the
initial meeting and establishing trust to working towards mutual goals and
eventually terminating the therapeutic relationship.
 Assumptions of Hildegard Peplau theory
Here are the key concepts of Peplau's theory:
4. Roles of the Nurse: Peplau defined several roles that nurses assume during
the therapeutic relationship, including stranger, resource person, teacher,
counselor, and surrogate. These roles reflect the diverse responsibilities of
nurses in supporting patients' emotional, psychological, and physical well-being.

5. Communication:Effective communication is a cornerstone of Peplau's theory.

She highlighted the importance of clear and open communication between the
nurse and the patient to establish rapport, understand patients' needs, provide
information, and facilitate their active participation in their own care.
 Assumptions of Hildegard Peplau theory
Here are the key concepts of Peplau's theory:
6. Patient-Centered Care:She believed that nurses should respect patients'
autonomy, involve them in decision-making, and promote their active
participation in their healthcare journey.

7. Health Promotion and Prevention: Peplau recognized the importance of

health promotion and prevention in nursing practice.

She advocated for nurses to educate patients about preventive measures,

empower them to make healthy choices, and support their overall well-being.
How does Hildegard Peplau’s theory guide
nursing process

1. Assessment
2. Diagnosis
3. Planning
4. Implementation
5. Evaluation
Reference:

. 10.1177/0894318417693286

. George, J. B. (2010). Nursing theories: The bTomey, A. M., &

Alligood, M. R. (2006).
. Nursing theorists and their work (6th ed.). Mosby/Elsevier.

. Ase for professional nursing practice (6th ed.). Pearson

Education.
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