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248 Lecture 06

Basic Geometric Dimensioning &

Tolerancing (GD&T)

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248 Assignment: HW 06 Due Today
 Reading
 Skim CH 9, 11
 Review pp. 380 – 381 (pp. 314 – 318 in old text)
(Dimensioning Do’s & Don’ts)

 Assignment:
 Ex. 9.2, p. 387 (Fig. 9.67, p.327 in old text):
 Sketch dimensioned views for b and d, only
 Scale drawing so that the parts are roughly double
size on your paper (smallest hole diameter is 2
squares in width)
 Draw orthographic, multi-view with straight edge
(not CAD)
 Use English units – 1 square is .20 inches / side

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248 Last HW Assignment: HW 07
 Reading:
 Finish CH 11
 Read CH 10 and start CH 12

 Assignment:
 CH 10, p. 429 (Project p. 390 in old text):
 Exercise 10.2 (Fig. 11.49 in old text) using GD&T
 Exercise 10.3 (Fig. 11.50 in old text) using GD&T

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248 Fit Purposes
 Clearance
 Used to allow motion between parts
 Running
 Sliding
 Interference
 Used to mechanically join parts
 Force
 Shrink
 Locational
 Used to constrain the position between parts
 Locational Clearance Fits
 Locational Transition Fits
 Locational Interference Fits

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248 Tolerancing Definitions
 Clearance Fit
 the internal member always has a space
between it and the external member
 Interference Fit
 the internal member is always larger than the
gap in the external member
 Transition Fit
 may result in either a clearance or interference
condition
 Line Fit
 limits specified so that either a clearance or
exact surface contact condition results

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248 Definitions
 Tolerance
 The total amount the feature is allowed to vary
(upper limit - lower limit)
 Basic Size (Basic Dimension – GD&T)
 the theoretical exact value that deviations are applied to,
and tolerances are computed from, in order to achieve
the desired fit
 Deviation
 The amount that a feature may vary from the basic size
in one direction (limit – basic size)
 Allowance
 the minimum space between mating parts
 the difference between the largest allowable shaft size
and the smallest allowable hole size
 Clearance Fit has a positive allowance
 Interference Fit has a negative allowance

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248 Hands-On 11.1

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248 Tolerance Systems
 Basic Hole System
 Used to set tolerances when it is easier to
change size of the shaft than the size of the
hole
 Minimum hole is taken as the basic size
 Most common system

 Basic Shaft System

 Used to set tolerances when it is easier to
change the size of the hole than the size of the
shaft
 Maximum shaft is taken as the basic size
 Least common system

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248 Extreme Conditions
 Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
 Prevailing conditions when the most material
is contained in both features
 Occurs when you have the smallest hole and
the largest shaft, simultaneously
 Think of it as when the part weighs the most,
and still fits all constraints (perfect form)

 Least Material Condition (LMC)

 Prevailing conditions when the minimum
material is contained in both features
 Occurs when you have the largest hole and the
smallest shaft, simultaneously - or when the
part has perfect form and weighs the least

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248 Specifying Tolerances
 General Tolerances
 Specified by notes in the title block, and apply to all
feature sizes unless otherwise specified

 Dimensional (Parametric) Tolerances

 Specified for a specific feature size
 Limit Dimensioning
 Both upper & lower limit dimensions are specified
 Plus-or-Minus Dimensioning
 Bilateral - a positive and a negative deviation
 Plus AND Minus - symmetric, bilateral deviation
 Unilateral - only a positive or only a negative deviation
 Single Limit Dimensioning
 MIN or MAX is placed after the dimension if the other
feature size deviation is controlled by another element
 Angular Tolerancing
 Bilateral Plus-or-Minus in degrees, minutes, seconds

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248 General Tolerance Development

 Problem:
 Develop a tolerance for a pneumatic cylinder guide
(slide). The guide is a mating feature consisting of a pin
and a hole. The pin will run back and forth within the
hole as the cylinder extends/retracts. The hole will be
produced with a drill and the shaft will be turned on a
lathe. The nominal size is 13/16”, and the allowance is
0.002”. The tolerances will be specified to the
thousandths of an inch.

 Q: Is the hole or the shaft the basis for this

application?
 A: It is a basic hole system. The hole will be produced
with a standard size drill bit, which is difficult to vary in
fine increments. The shaft diameter can be easily varied
on a lathe.

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248 General Tolerance Development

 Q: What kind of fit is required?

 A: Since the nominal allowance is positive, a clearance
fit will result. Common sense also tells you that a
clearance fit is required to allow the running motion. An
interference or transition fit would/could cause binding.

 Q: What is the feature size?

 A: The nominal hole size is 13/16”; converted to
decimal inches it is 0.81250. This value is rounded
to .812, using the dimensional rounding rules.

 Q: What is a reasonable tolerance for the hole?

 A: From Table 10.2 (Fig 11.13 old text), for a drilling
operation with a nominal feature size between .600”
and .999” the middle of the range of tolerances is .004”.

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248 General Tolerance Development

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248 General Tolerance Development

 Q: What material condition should the tolerance be

based upon?
 A: Since the specified fit is a clearance fit, the worst
case condition is when the hole is smallest and the
shaft is largest. This is the Maximum Material
Condition, as it will constrain the maximum material in
either part.
 Q: What is the minimum hole dimension?
 A: For a Basic Hole System, the basic size is the
minimum acceptable hole size, or 0.812”.
 Q: What is the maximum hole dimension?
 A: The hole tolerance is the difference between the
largest and smallest hole. The reasonable tolerance
from Table 10.2 (Fig. 11.13, old text) was 0.004”. Adding
it to the minimum hole gives an upper limit of 0.816”.

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248 General Tolerance Development

 Q: How can we show the hole tolerance?

 A: Using limit dimensioning, and standard English unit
practices (no leading zeros) the following would work:

.816
.812

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248 General Tolerance Development

 Q: What is the maximum dimension for the

shaft?
 A: The smallest hole size is 0.812”. For a clearance fit,
subtracting the allowance (0.002”) gives the shaft size at
MMC, or 0.810”.

 Q: What is a reasonable tolerance for the shaft?

 A: From Table 10.2 (Fig. 11.13), for a turning operation
with a nominal feature size between .600” and .999” the
middle of the range of tolerances is .0025”.

 Q: What is the lower limit for the shaft

dimension?
 A: Subtract the tolerance from the maximum dimension
to get 0.80750”, then round the dimension to 0.808”.

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248 General Tolerance Development

 Q: How can we show the shaft tolerance?

 A: Using limit dimensioning, and standard English unit
practices (no leading zeros) the following would work:

.810
.808

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248 Std. Tolerance Development

 Problem:
 Develop a tolerance for an enhanced pneumatic cylinder
guide. The hole will still be produced with a drill and the
shaft will be turned on a lathe. The nominal size is still
13/16”, but the tolerances will be specified to ten-
thousandths of an inch.
 Q: How can I specify a tolerance when an
allowance is not given?
 A: Empirical design. Look for standard tables or
(previous practices) that help. Start with Table 10.1
(11.1) and note that an RC fit is what is needed for a
running clearance. Then Appendix 7 (5) shows that a
Close Running Fit (RC 4) is most appropriate.
Appropriate clearances would run from 0.8 to 2.8
thousandths of an inch for a nominal feature size
between 0.71” and 1.19”.

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248 General Tolerance Development

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248 Lecture 07B

GD&T & Examples

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248 Geometric Tolerances
 Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
 Abbreviated GD&T
 Controls feature form / location variations,
NOT feature size variations (width, height,
depth); examples include:
 how cylindrical
 how flat
 how straight
 how symmetric
 how parallel

 Specified using internationally recognized

graphic symbols for geometric characteristics

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248 Symbols
 Straightness
 Flatness
 Circularity
 Cylindricity
 Perpendicularity
 Parallelism
 Position
 Concentricity
 Material Conditions M L
 etc. ...
See Table 11.4 p. 373

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248 GD &T Symbols

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248 GD&T Symbol Construction
 Datums
 specify their capital letter label in a frame
(to distinguish them from section labels) and
connect them to the feature by:
 a leader, terminated with a triangle, or
 an extension line, immediately adjacent to the frame
(in this case, there are dashes bracketing the letter)

 Basic Dimensions
 specify basic dimensions between controlled
features (just as with size dimensions), but
distinguish them with frames

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248 GD&T Symbol Construction
 Feature Control
 Construct Feature Control Frames by:
 specifying the symbol for the geometric
characteristic to be controlled (i.e. position) in a box
 specifying the tolerance zone shape and the
tolerance (i.e. diameter of the tolerance zone) in an
adjacent box, modifying for material condition at
tolerance specification
 specifying the relevant datum(s) in adjacent boxes,
modifying for the material condition at measurement

 Append notes as necessary to clarify

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248 Why GD&T?
 GD&T allows us to:
 control more of the important aspects of the
feature - the geometry as well as the size
 avoid tolerance stacking
 have a cleaner, clearer drawing
 specify tolerance zones in a manner more
similar to the way they will be verified – it
identifies the datum surfaces from which a
feature is to be dimensioned
 helps specify how the part is to be inspected
and manufactured – implies how the part is to
be fixtured

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248 Example: Flatness (No Datum)
 Flatness is a characteristic of a single
surface:
 If a surface is sufficiently flat, then all points
on the surface will lay in-between two parallel
planes separated by the tolerance distance
 Tolerance Zone Depiction:
.002

 Feature Control Frame & Leader:

.002

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248 Example: Identifying Datums
 Datums are theoretically perfect:
 The datum is assumed to be exact for the
purposes of manufacture and inspection.
 For practical purposes, they need to be 10X
more accurately produced than any
measurement that will be derived from them.
 For manufacturing purposes, these are the
first features to produce, since they control the
remaining characteristics of the part.
 Identification:
A
1.02

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248 Example: Parallelism (One Datum)
 Parallelism is a characteristic of two
surfaces:
 If a surface is parallel, then it will lay in-
between two planes parallel to the datum and
to each other, offset by the tolerance distance
 Tolerance Zone Depiction:
.003

 Feature Control Frame:

.003 A

2.62

A
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248 Example: True Position (Multi-Datum)
 True Position is a relationship between at
least three surfaces:
 If the centerline of the feature is positioned
accurately, then it will lay within a tolerance
zone envelope sized by the tolerance value
 True Position is a tolerance of location:
 Location is specified by BASIC DIMENSIONS
 The basic dimensions originate at DATUM
surfaces
 It may be affected by the size of the produced
feature, so design intent should be indicated
by the MATERIAL CONDITION modifier

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248 Two-Dimensional Tolerance View
 To place a hole in the part, we need to
locate the center of the hole in the
coordinate plane relative to the axis of the
hole, and then size the hole (allowing a
hole size tolerance)

 11.200 ± .002

10.000

15.500

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248 Three-Dimensional Tolerance View
 Then we add the GD&T information to
control the location of the hole center

C
 11.200 ± .002
 .001 M A B C
10.000

Note: Datum A forms

the bottom surface of
15.500 B the hole, and so the
tolerance zone is a
perfect, right cylinder –
resting on Datum A
and located from
Datum B and Datum C.
A
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248 Three-Dimensional Tolerance View
 This tells us the DATUMS that we will
measure from to locate or inspect the hole

C
 11.200 ± .002
 .001 M A B C
10.000

15.500 B

A
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248 Three-Dimensional Tolerance View
 It tells us the BASIC DIMENSIONS that
control where the hole is located

C
 11.200 ± .002
 .001 M A B C
10.000

15.500 B

A
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248 Three-Dimensional Tolerance View
 It tells us the size and shape of the
tolerance zone for the hole center

C
 11.200 ± .002
 .001 M A B C
10.000

15.500 B

A
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248 Three-Dimensional Tolerance View
 And it tells us the worst case material
condition used to inspect the hole center

C
 11.200 ± .002
 .001 M A B C
10.000

In this case, when the

hole is at its’ smallest
15.500 B permissible size, the
feature location is in its’
most critical state.

A
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