MODULE 2

• By the end of this lecture you will be able to know:

• What is Crime?
• Modus Operandi and Its Categories
• Crime Scene Processing
• 7 S of Crime Scene Investigation
• Physical Evidence
• Kinds of Physical Evidence
• Methods of Search
• Chain of Custody
• Special Crime Investigation and It’s phases and
Elements
• Responsibilities of Special Investigator
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 Misdemeanor
is a less serious crime than
a felony. Misdemeanors usually involve jail
time, smaller fines, and temporary
punishmen

Felonies are the most serious crimes you can

commit and have long jail or prison
sentences, fines, or permanent loss of
freedoms. Punishable by RPC

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 MODUS OPERANDI

• Major General Llewely Atcherly devises the

first modus operandi file. It is a human nature
that personal habit and mannerism do not
change easily but remains with the individual
for years. It signifies the method of operation or
the distinct manner of how crimes are
committed by known criminals.

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 MOTIVE
• It refers to the reason that impels a person
to commit criminal act for definite result.

INTENT
concerned with their willingness to carry
out specific actions related to the offense

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 MODUS OPERANDI

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 CATEGORIES OF MODUS OPERANDI

• Description of the Criminal

• Nature of Target
• Observation of the Crime Scene
• Motive of the Criminal
• Time of Commission
• Human Peculiarities
• Manner of Commission

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 THE CRIME SCENE
• It is the location which a suspected criminal
offense has occurred. It is considered as the
most important phase of investigation. it
focuses on the search of evidences.

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 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
• It comprises all objects and materials in
connection with an investigation that are
instrumental in discovering the facts. It can
prove that the crime has been committed or
establish the element of a crime(e.g. in rape,
torn clothing indicates non – consent);

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in contact with the victim(e.g. in robbery,
the fruit of the crime(; establish the
identity of the suspect (e.g. latent prints)
exonerate the innocent(thru laboratory
examination of the evidences); corroborate
the victim’s testimony; lead to
admission/confession; more reliable than
the statement of the witness & provide
useful information.
 LOCARD’S PRINCIPLE

EVERY CONTACT LEAVES

A TRACE
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 KINDS OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
• CORPUS DELICTI
– These are the objects/substances that are
essentials to the body of the crime.
• ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
– It links the suspect to the crime scene or offense.
• TRACING EVIDENCE
– It assists the investigator in locating the suspect.
 Organization and Procedures for Search Operations
• Preparation
1. Evaluate the current legal ramifications of crime scene searches (e.g., obtaining of search
warrants).
2. Discuss upcoming search with involved personnel before arrival at scene, if possible.
3. Select, when feasible, person-in-charge prior to arrival at scene.
4. Consider the safety and comfort of search personnel — do not be caught unprepared
when encountering a potentially dangerous scene or inclement weather — examples are:
– Clothing Transportation
– Communication Food/Shelter
– Lighting assistance Equipment
– Medical assistance
– Scene security
5. Organize communication with services of an ancillary nature (e.g., medical examiner,
prosecutive attorney) in order that questions which surface during crime scene search
may be resolved. Take steps to organize a "command post" headquarters for
communication, decision-making, etc., in major/complicated investigations.
 Basic Stages in a Search
1. Approach scene Secure and protect scene
2. Initiate preliminary survey/determine scene
boundaries
3. Evaluate physical evidence possibilities
4. Prepare narrative description
5. Depict scene photographically
6. Prepare diagram/sketch of scene
7. Conduct detailed search
8. Record and collect physical evidence
9. Conduct final survey
10 Release crime scene
 Basic Stages in a Search
1. Approach scene Secure and protect scene
2. Initiate preliminary survey/determine scene
boundaries
3. Evaluate physical evidence possibilities
4. Prepare narrative description
5. Depict scene photographically
6. Prepare diagram/sketch of scene
7. Conduct detailed search
8. Record and collect physical evidence
9. Conduct final survey
10 Release crime scene
 METHODS OF SEARCH OF EVIDENCE
• STRIP METHOD - requires that crime scene personnel walk a
path from one end of the crime scene, over to the other side of
the room or area, and then return in the direction from which he
or she first started. Every lap brings the investigator closer to the
center of the room or space being searched.

• DOUBLE STRIP METHOD- Grid Method (two parallel strip):

It is just like the strip method; the only difference is that
two strips are considered to form a grid. Again, only two
people can do the searching walking through on
separate strips and then will switch their strips for the
more accuracy.

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 • SPIRAL METHOD the investigator move in an
-
inward spiral from the boundary to the center of the scene
or in an outward spiral from the center to the boundary of
a scene.
• WHEEL METHOD- the use of several crime scene
personnel or searchers. Starting in the middle of an
imaginary circle, each investigator moves in a direction
straight out from the center, or "hub" of the wheel, much
like the spokes of a bicycle wheel
• ZONE METHOD- The Zone or Quadrant search is a method in
which the crime scene is divided into smaller sections and team
members are assigned to search each section. Those sections can
be subdivided into smaller sections for smaller teams
to search thoroughly

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 CHAIN OF CUSTODY OF EVIDENCE

• It is the list of persons who handled the

evidence. The gap in the custody results to
the inadmissibility of such evidence in court
proceedings.

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 SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION

• It is the investigation of cases that are unique

and often require special training to fully
understand its broad significance.

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 RESPONSIBILITIES OF SPECIAL
INVESTIGATOR

• Determine whether the crime has been

committed.

• Verify jurisdiction.

• Discover all facts and collect physical evidence.

• Recovery of stolen property.

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 • Identifying the perpetrators.

• Locate and apprehend the perpetrators.

• Aid in the prosecution of perpetrator.

• Testify effectively in court.

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 PHASES OF SPECIAL CRIME
INVESTIGATION

• 1. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
– It is the first exposure of the criminal
offense to the investigation effort.

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 • 12 COMMON AREAS OF
INFORMATION

• Witness to the crime

• Name of the suspect
• Location of the suspect
• Description of the suspect
• Identification of the suspect
• Identification of the suspect’s
vehicle

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 • Stolen property can be
traceable
• Suspect method of operation
• Physical evidence present
• Report of a trained technician
• Conclusion of a normal
investigative effort
• Opportunity in the commission of
the crime
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 • 2. IN – DEPTH INVESTIGATION
– It starts with the general examination of all
facts. Leads and other types of information
secured during preliminary investigation.

• Inquiries in IN – DEPTH
INVESTIGATION
• A. CRIME SCENE
• Familiarization of localities and other details.
• Search for physical evidence.
• Location of victims and witnesses.
• Verification of physical evidences and
suspect, victim and witnesses.
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 • B. COORDINATION OF DOCUMENTS

• Local and national agencies

• Modus operandi files

• Examining filed interviews and

interrogation

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 • C. GATHERING OF INVESTIGATIVE
LEADS

• Criminal informants

• Non – criminal informants

• Neighbourhood search for witnesses

• Utilization of media
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 • D. APPLICATION OF
CRIMINALISTICS

• Transportation of evidence

• Accounting of examination requested

• Arranging of expert criminalistics

• E. CONCLUDING INVESTIGATION

• It is the direct outgrowth of investigation

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 • 3. PREPARATION FOR TRIAL
a. Review of legality of arrest, evidences
and admission or confession.
b. Legal requirements of victims and
witnesses.
c. Review and compile of all notes.
d. Arrangement of all expert witness
testimony.

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 ELEMENTS OF SPECIAL CRIME
INVESTIGATION
1. INITIAL INVESTIGATION – it is the
responsibility of the patrol officers.

2. CASE SCREENING – determine whether

unsolvable or recommend further investigation.

3. CONTINUING INVESTIGATION – the

coordination with the patrol officers.

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4. POLICE – PROSECUTION RELATIONS –
coordination and comparison

5. INVESTIGATIVE MONITORING
SYSTEM – It is set up to give
administrators continues feedback on the
investigative process and the quality of
personnel performance.