FUNDAMENTALS OF

CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION

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 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
• It is an art which deals with identifying and
locating of offenders and provide evidences of
his/her guilt through criminal proceedings.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
• It refers to a person who is charged with the duty of
carrying the objectives of criminal investigation.
• The primary job of an investigator is to determine whether
the crime is committed under law.

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 QUALITIES OF GOOD
INVESTIGATOR
• PERSEVERE
• INTELLIGENT
• HONEST
• UNDERSTANDING OF THE PEOPLE
AND THE ENVIRONMENT
• KEEN POWER OF OBSERVATION
AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTION
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 DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• It forms a general conclusion PRIOR to
have a complete explanation based on
facts.
• From general to specific
INDUCTIVE REASONING
• It forms a general conclusion AFTER
further investigation and evidence
gathering.
• From specific to general
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 NINE GOLDEN RULES OF
INVESTIGATION
• Identify, and if possible, retain for questioning the
person who first notified the police.
• Determine the perpetrator by direct inquiry or
observe him, if his identity is immediately
apparent.
• Detain all persons present at the scene, if possible.
• Summon assistance, if necessary.
• Safeguard the area by issuing appropriate orders
and by physically isolating it
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 • Subsequently, permit only authorized
persons to enter the area.
• Separate witnesses in order to obtain
independent statements.
• Do not touch or move any object
until taken photograph.
• Definitely assign duties of the search
if assistant are present.
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 BASIC ELEMENTS OF INVESTIGATIVE
PROCESS

• Recognition

• Collection

• Preservation
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 TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION
• Information
– It is the knowledge which the prober gathered and
acquired from other persons.

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 • Interrogation- is a skilful questioning of a person
under custodial investigation. Its main purpose is
to obtain a confession and to come to the objective
truth, or other critical information about the crime,
from an interviewed suspect, who is subject of
interrogation.

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 • Interview
Is conducted to elicit evidence or information from
a person (i.e., witness, victim, complainant or
suspect) during the process of an investigation.
Investigative interviews conducted by police can
vary greatly in purpose, scope and content.

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 • Interviews are used in an investigation to gather
information — objective facts — by asking open-
ended questions and allowing the witness to
supply the evidence. ... 
• Interrogations, on the other hand, are designed
to extract confessions where police already have
other concrete evidence connecting the suspect
to the crime

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 • Instrumentation
– it is the application of instruments and physical
science to the detection of crime. It is otherwise
known as Criminalistics.

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 SKECTH
• It is the diagram of the crime scene that
supplement to the photographs by portraying
the accurate measurement of objects in the
crime scene. It must be presented in logical
and methodically manner.

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 RULES ON SKETCHING

• Include only essential details which are

relevant to the case.
• Keep it simple.
• Be complete.
• Show directional points.
• Include measurements and stationary
objects as reference points.
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 TYPES OF SKETCHES
• Sketch of Locality

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• Sketch of Ground

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 • Cross Projection

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 • Cross Projection

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 KINDS OF SKETCHES
• Rough Sketch – made at the crime scene

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• Smooth Sketch – made for court
presentation

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 PHOTOGRAPHS
• It is used to preserve the crime
scene permanently through film and
synthetic paper. It shows the
relationship of various objects of
evidence to another.

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 TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHS
• Over All Photographs

• Attack Scene and Its Surroundings

• Photographs of the Evidences – it should

be taken first without marks and with
marks on the other hand.

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 HOT CASE

• It is the violation of law that has been

unearthed or discovered and the suspects or
the witnesses to the case are still emotionally
upset or excited.

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 COLD CASE
• It is a dormant case where a suspect or
witness has the luxury or ample time to
mull over the ramifications of the case and
to put their ability or defense or otherwise
for the subjective impression of the case.

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