Somali National University

Faculty of medicine
Chemistry
Course I
Chapter Two
Chemical Bond
 outline
1- Octet Rule
2- Ionic Bond
3- Covalent Bond
4- Lewis dot structures and VSEPR theory
5- Electronegativity
6- Electro Configuration.
7- Intermolecular forces and their effects on properties.
 Octet Rule

Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as

to have 8 electrons.
Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to have a full
valence level of eight electrons. Hydrogen and helium are
exceptions because they can hold a maximum of two valence
electrons.C would like to Gain 4 electrons
N would like to Gain 3 electrons
O would like to Gain 2 electrons
 Ionic Bond
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence
electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of
chemicalbond that generates two oppositely
charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons
to become a positively charged cation, whereas the
nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a
negatively charged anion.
 COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the sharing of electrons
NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS
when electrons are shared equally ExamplesO2 or Cl2

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

POLAR COVALENT BONDS

when electrons are shared but shared unequally Example: H2O
 A polyatomic ion
A group of atoms that has a charge.
as a molecular ion, is a charged chemical species (ion)
composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded
or of a metal complex that can be considered to be
acting as a single unit. The prefix poly- means "many,"
in Greek, but even ions of two atoms are commonly
referred to as polyatomic.
Polyatomic ion- covalently bonded group of ions
with a charge
NO31-
 Lewis structure
H O H Water H2O

12 N
2 x 2 = 4 for Hydrogen
1 x 8 = 8 for Oxygen -8H
4+8=12 needed electrons 4 NB
H:O:H
2 x 1 = 2 for Hydrogen
1 x 6 = 6 for Oxygen ..
You have 8 available electrons H:O:H
●●
12 - 8 = 4 bonding electrons

8 – 4 = 4 non-bonding electrons

H:O:H
 H
HNH Ammonia NH3

3 x 2 = 6 for Hydrogen
1 x 8 = 8 for Nitrogen 14 N
6+8=14 needed electrons
-8H
3 x 1 = 3 for Hydrogen
1 x 5 = 5 for Nitrogen 6B
You have 8 available electrons
2NB

..
14 - 8 = 6 bonding electrons H:N:H

..
8 – 6 = 2 non-bonding electrons H:N:H
●●

..
H:N:H
●●
1.S O
OCO
Carbonate CO3-2
3 x 8 = 24 for Oxygen 32 N
2.N 1 x 8 = 8 for Carbon
24+8=32 needed electrons
- 24 H
3 x 6 = 18 for Oxygen
1 x 4= 4 for Carbon 8B
3.H You have 22 + 2 more available e-'s
16 NB
32 - 24 = 8 bonding electrons
4.B

24 – 8 = 16 non-bonding electrons O..

5.NB O::C:O

.. -2 ..
.. :O:
.. .. .. :O:
.. ..
6.E O::C: O:
O::C: O: ●● ●●
●● ●●
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory:

is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual

molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central
atoms.
VSEPR theory is used to predict the arrangement of electron pairs
around central atoms in molecules, especially simple and symmetric
molecules.

VSEPR Produce to predict Molecular geometry

This VESPR procedure is summarized as follows:
1- Draw the Lewis electron structure of the molecule or polyatomic
ion.
2- Determine the electron group arrangement around the central atom
that minimizes repulsions.
3- Assign an AXmEn designation.
4- Describe the molecular geometry.
 Electronegativity
is a measure of an atom's ability to attract the
shared electrons of a covalent bond to itself. If atoms
bonded together have the same electronegativity, the
shared electrons will be equally shared. If the
electrons of a bond are more attracted to one of the
atoms (because it is more electronegative), the
electrons will be unequally shared. If the difference in
electronegativity is large enough, the electrons will
not be shared at all; the more electronegative atom
will "take" them resulting in two ions and an ionic
bond.
Electronegativity Values for Selected Elements
 Electron Configuration

s 8A
1A
group # = # valence (outside) e- 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
2A

Row

d
=
# shells
p
f
 Practice:
Ask these questions every time you have to write an electron configuration

Lithium:
1. find the element on the periodic table
2. what is the period number?
3. how many shells?
4. what is the group number?
5. how many valence electrons?
6. what subshell(s) does Li have?
7. what is the electron configuration?
 Rules for Electron Configurations
In order to write an electron
configuration, we need to know the
RULES.
3 rules govern electron configurations.
Aufbau Principle
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Hund’s Rule
Using the orbital filling diagram at the
right will help you figure out HOW to
write them
Start with the 1s orbital. Fill each orbital
completely and then go to the next one,
until all of the elements have been
acounted for.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
 Electron Configurations
Element Configuration Element Configuration

H Z=1 1s1 He Z=2 1s2

Li Z=3 1s22s1 Be Z=4 1s22s2

B Z=5 1s22s22p1 C Z=6 1s22s22p2

N Z=7 1s22s22p3 O Z=8 1s22s22p4

F Z=9 1s22s22p5 Ne Z=10 1s22s22p6

(2p is now full)

Na Z=11 1s22s22p63s1 Cl Z=17 1s22s22p63s23p5

K Z=19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Sc Z=21 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1

Fe Z=26 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 Br Z=35 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

Note that all the numbers in the electron configuration add up to the atomic number for
that element. Ex: for Ne (Z=10), 2+2+6 = 10
 Intermolecular forces and their effects on
properties
intermolecular force:
Is simply an attractive force between neighboring
molecules.
The three common intermolecular force are
1-permanent dipole-dipole forces.
2-ionic-ionic forces
3- ionic dipole force