CHAPTER

3:
Volcanic
Eruption
PREPARED BY: TYPE YOUR NAME HERE
S9ES - IIIb -28

Explain what happens when volcanoes

erupt
 What is Volcanology?
 Volcanology – study of volcanoes.
 What is Volcanologists?
 Volcanologists – a geologist who
focuses on the study of volcanic
formation and activities.
 What is a Volcano?
 Volcano – is an
opening or vent on
the earth’s surface
where molten rocks,
gases, and ashes
are ejected.
 What is a Volcano?
 Crater – opening
of a volcano.
 Pipe – path
through which
the ejected
materials pass.
 What is a Volcano?
When molten rocks,
also known as magma,
come out of the
ground they are called
lava.
How do volcanoes
form?
Volcanoes formed
as a result of
subduction.
How do volcanoes
form?
Subduction – process
of two tectonic plates
converge one another,
with one descending
below the edge of the
other, causing molten
rock to rise to the
surface.
 Different Types of Volcano
Cinder cones
 considered as the
simplest type of
volcanoes.
 circular or oval
cone.
 Different Types of Volcano
Shield cones
 warrior‘s shield-
like sloping flat
cone.
 some are largest
volcanoes like
Mauna Loa in
Hawaii.
 Different Types of Volcano
Composite Volcanoes
 a.k.a
stratovolcanoes.
 cones are closely
symmetrical.
 Mt. Fuji – Japan
 Mt. Mayon –
Philippines
 Classification of Volcanoes
Active Volcano
 According to the Smithsonian Global
Volcanism Program, an active
volcano has at least one eruption
within the last 10,000 years.
 Classified into two categories:
erupting and dormant volcanoes.
 Classification of Volcanoes
Erupting Volcano
 distinguished as either explosive or
quiet.
 Explosive Eruption – often
violent and rapid.
 Quiet Eruption – emits low
viscous lava.
 Classification of Volcanoes
Dormant Volcano
 it has not erupted within the last
10,000 years.
 it is not certain when this kind of
volcano will erupt, but it expected to
occur in the future.
 Mt. St. Helens & Mauna Kea
 Classification of Volcanoes
Extinct Volcano
 has not had an eruption within historic
times and it is not expected to erupt again.
 Kohala in Big Island, Hawaii
 Mt. Pinatubo – considered extinct but
became suddenly active (1991).
 Where are volcanoes located?

The most active

and destructive
volcanoes are
nestled at the
Pacific Ring of
Fire.
 Active Volcanoes in the World
 More than 1,500 volcanoes in the world are
considered active and around 50 to 60 of
these volcanoes erupt yearly.
 International Association of Volcanology
and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior
(IAVCEI) – identified a list of volcanoes
worldwide that are considered extremely
dangerous based on its previous eruption.
 Active Volcanoes in the World
Mt. Eyjafjallajӧkull,
Iceland
 also known as
“Island mountain
glacier”
 last erupted in 2010
 caused air traffic
across western and
northern Europe.
Active Volcanoes in the World

Mt. Vesuvius, Italy

 recorded one of the
most historical and
destructive eruption
on 79 AD.
 last erupted in 1944.
 Active Volcanoes in the World

Mt. Sakurajima, Japan

 one of its
significant
eruptions, with
intense lava flows,
occurred in 1914.
Active Volcanoes in the World

Mt. Merapi, Indonesia

 also known as
“Fire Mountain”
 last erupted in
1548.
 Active Volcanoes in the World

Mt. Nyiragongo,
Democratic Republic
of Congo
 main crater is
approximately two
km wide.
Active Volcanoes in the World
Mt. Ulawun, Papua
New Guinea
 most active in
Papua New
Guinea
 22 documented
eruption since the
18th century.
 Active Volcanoes in the World

Mauna Loa Volcano,

Hawaii
 largest volcano
on earth in terms
of volume and
area covered.
Active Volcanoes in the World

Mt. Santa Maria,

Guatemala
 eruption in 1902
was one of the
four largest
eruption of the
20th century.
 Active Volcanoes in the
Philippines
The Philippines has approximately 200
volcanoes; 22 are active. Mayon and Taal are
the two most active volcanoes in the country.
 Active Volcanoes in the World
Mt. Mayon, Albay
 perfect cone-
shaped volcano.
 has already
erupted at least
50 times from
1616 up to
present.
Active Volcanoes in the World

Taal Volcano, Batangas

 already erupted 33
times since 1672.
 Most active
smallest volcano
in the world.
 Active Volcanoes in the World

Mt. Kanlaon, Negros

Occidental
 erupted at least
25 times from
1886 up to
present.
Active Volcanoes in the World

Mt. Bulusan, Sorsogon

 has erupted 15
times from 1886-
2007
 Active Volcanoes in the World
Hibok-Hibok,
Camiguin
 has already
erupted seven
times since its
first eruption in
1827.
 last erupted 1952
Active Volcanoes in the World

Mt. Banahaw, Quezon

 most active
volcano in PH
 erupted four times
since 1730.
 last erupted in
1909.
 Active Volcanoes in the World
Didicas Volcano,
Cagayan
 smallest and
most active
volcanoes in the
Philippines.
 erupted seven
times from 1773
up to 1990.
Active Volcanoes in the World
Mt. Makaturing,
Lanao del Sur
 one of the highest
mountain in the
Philippines.
 has erupted 10
times since 1882.
 Signs of an impending
volcanic eruption
 There are changes in geochemical and
geophysical characteristics of a volcano,
such as increase in volume and
temperature of gas composition and
increase in the frequency of volcanic
quakes.
 Color of steam emission changes from
white to gray due to ash.
 Signs of an impending
volcanic eruption

 Crater glows
due to the
presence of
magma at or
near the crater.
 Signs of an impending
volcanic eruption
 Deformation of the ground because magma
intrusion and appearance of fractures on the
sides of volcano can be observed.
Signs of an impending
volcanic eruption

 Increasing
frequency of
landslides and
rock falls from
cliffs.
 Signs of an impending
volcanic eruption

 Drying up of
vegetation around
the volcano’s upper
slopes becomes
noticeable.
Signs of an impending
volcanic eruption

 Continuous
increase in the
temperature of
hot springs, wells
and lakes on
craters.
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards
PHIVOLCS
 is a specialized agency of Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) that
monitors volcano, earthquake, and
tsunami related events in the Philippines.
 primary and reputable source of
information about volcanology in the
country.
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards
PHIVOLCS
 assigned permanent danger zones around
volcanoes.
 strictly prohibits settling in permanent
danger zones within a four to six km
radius from the summit of volcanoes.
 also developed criteria for several alerts
level that indicate the current state of an
impending volcanic eruption.
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards
Alert System
 not just gives insight on the situation but
also triggers the public to immediately take
appropriate actions.
 ranges from Alert Level 0 (lowest) to Alert
Level 5 (highest)
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards
Alert Level 0: No alert.
Alert Level 1: Abnormality observed. There is
low seismic activity and no imminent eruption.
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards
Alert Level 2: There is an increasing unrest.
Moderate levels of seismic activity are observed and
probable magma movement could eventually lead to
eruption.
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards
Alert Level 3: There is an increasing tendency
towards eruption. Relatively high and increasing
unrest are recorded and there can be possible eruption
within two weeks.
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards
Alert Level 4: Hazardous eruption is imminent. There
is an intense unrest which includes earthquakes.
Moreover, there is possible eruption within 24 hours.
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards
Alert Level 5: Hazardous eruption is in
progress.
 Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards

Hazard Maps
 are essential tool
used in
assessing
volcanic risk.
Tools for recognizing volcanic
hazards

Volcanic Hazard Maps

 used to explain the
distribution of
hazards, risks, and
anticipated areas to
be affected.
 Volcanic Hazards
Lava Flow
 mildly explosive when released.
 not a major threat to human lives because
of its slow rate movement.
 poses several potential damages, including
fire threat, destruction of infrastructures,
and vegetation.
 Volcanic Hazards
Pyroclastic flow and surges
 are extremely hazardous and destructive
type of volcanic activity
 composed of rocks material, hot gas, and
ash.
 can burn and suffocate people because of
its rock material, hot gas, and ash that can
reach up to 700°C.
 Volcanic Hazards
Pyroclastic flow and surges
 also known as nueé ardente
 can bury sites because of hot rocks debris
and can burn forest and other vegetation
areas.
 Volcanic Hazards
Gas emission
 volcanic gas is one of the basic components
of a magma or lava.
 volcanic gas when associated with the
atmosphere can result in volcanic fog or
acid rain that contaminate water and
damage vegetation.
 can also affect the respiratory of animals.
 Volcanic Hazards
Ash Fall
 volcanic ash made of rock, mineral, and
fragments created during explosion and
separation of magma into smaller pieces.
 can cause the collapse of roofs and damage
houses if accumulated ash will not be
cleared immediately.
 Volcanic Hazards
Ash Fall
 can affect the respiratory system of people
as well as animals causing livestock
problems.
 contaminates water sources and damages
agricultural landscapes.
 Volcanic Hazards
Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles
 Tephra refers to fragments of volcanic
rock, ejected into air by explosion.
 can irritate eyes, throats, and cause
respiratory system problems due to fine
particles when inhaled.
 can also cause burns and destruction of
buildings and infrastructure.
 Volcanic Hazards
Lahar
 Indonesian term for mudflows or flows of
volcanic debris.
 flowing mixtures of volcanic debris and
water.
 formed due to pyroclastic flowed mixes
with water, snow mixed with debris, and
rainfall on ash.
 Volcanic Hazards
Lahar
 can bury infrastructures and trap people
in their homes.
 can clog rivers which further contaminate
water sources.
 known to become one of the deadliest
volcanic phenomena.
 Volcanic Hazards

Lahars are classified into two:

 Primary or hot lahar – caused by direct
volcanic eruption.
 Secondary or cold lahar – caused by
rainfall on and mixture of snow and debris.
 Volcanic Hazards

Debris avalanche
 landslide that was triggered by intrusion of
magma, earthquake, heavy rainfall, or
explosion from volcanoes.
 can generate tsunamis.
 Volcanic Hazards

Volcanic Tsunamis
 series of high water waves triggered by
disruption of the seafloor.
 can also cause floods that damage buildings
and other infrastructures.
 Disaster Readiness
Make a detailed emergency plan
 stay away from danger zones
 identify safe zones and evacuation centers
 stay away from rivers or streams that may
carry mud or debris flow.
 Disaster Readiness
Arrange an emergency supply kit
 contain first aid items, medicine, non-
perishable food like canned goods, bottled
water, battery operated radio, and flashlights.
 pair of goggles and face masks.
 Disaster Readiness
Store important documents in waterproof
container or resealable plastic bag.
 documents include birth certificates,
medical records, passports, and
identification cards.
 Disaster Readiness
Develop a communication mechanism
 it is ideal that every family member has a
hand-held device such as smartphones for
easy communication.
 Disaster Readiness
Monitor news updates and coordinate with
local authorities
 always check the news to become more
informed on the next actions that you will
take.
 Disaster Readiness
Strengthen roofs of house
 make sure that your roofs have no holes or
damages.
 ensure that there are no open spaces on the
wall where ash can come inside the house.
 Evacuation Procedures
As you prepare to evacuate, keep in mind
the following information:
• Revisit your emergency plan that you
have developed and double-check the
content of your emergency kit.
• Stay updated for news by checking up on
TV, radio, or Internet.
 Evacuation Procedures
As you prepare to evacuate, keep in mind
the following information:
• Be alert on warning signals and
announcement from local authorities.
• Fill containers with clean water as supply
for washing. For drinking water, make
sure that the containers used are with
cover or sealed.
 Evacuation Procedures
As you prepare to evacuate, keep in mind
the following information:
• Plan ahead on take pets with you, but be
aware that some evacuation camps cannot
accept animals.
 Evacuation Procedures
As you evacuate, follow these following tips:
• Take only essential items with you,
including emergency supply kit you have
prepared, and keep track of your
belongings.
• Unplug all appliances and electrical
devices turn off the gas, and water meter.
 Evacuation Procedures
As you evacuate, follow these following tips:
• Follow designated evacuation routes and
expect heavy traffic and delays as other
also conduct evacuation procedures.
 During Volcanic Eruption
Ash fall
• Make sure to wear face masks to avoid
breathing ash that can cause respiratory
problems.
• Stay inside your home or evacuation
camps. Make sure to close doors,
windows, and other ventilation.
 During Volcanic Eruption
Ash fall
• Protect your eyes by wearing goggles.
• Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants
to prevent irritation caused by ashes.
• If your drinking water was contaminated
with ash, then drink bottled water.
• Keep roofs free of ash this can cause the
collapse of roofs.
 During Volcanic Eruption
Ash fall
• Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables
from the garden before eating.
• Avoid traveling in heavy ash fall as it can
clog your vehicle’s engines.
 During Volcanic Eruption
Mudflow, pyroclastic, and lava flows
• Stay ways from the restricted zone
identified by local authorities.
• Avoid rivers valleys and low lying areas.
• If you see the water level of stream
rising, then quickly move to higher
ground.
 Disaster Recovery
Here are some things to do after a volcanic
eruption:
• Do not go near the eruption area and stay
always from areas with volcanic ash falls.
• Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched
roofs and rain gutters.
• Clear roofs of ash falls
• Avoid driving during a heavy ash fall.
Mayon Volcano
Mayon
• is nestled in the
eastern portion
of Albay
Province.
• rises from 2462
meters above
the sea level.
 Mayon Volcano
Mayon
• covers up to 314 sq. km.
• surrounded by six municipalities and three
cities with a population of over 600,000.
• classifies as composite volcano.
• considered as the most active volcano.
• had 47 eruptions
• one of the most famous tourists spots in the
Philippines.
 Mayon Volcano
There are variations on how Mayon has erupted
through time.
• Vulcanian – manifested by intense
explosions with sudden release of gases.
• Strombolian – characterized by quiet
emission of lava. This was manifested with
continuous sustained ejection of pyroclasts.
 Mayon Volcano
• Plinian
o depicted by extremely intense explosions
with continuous sustained ejection of
pyroclasts.
o happened in the 1814.
o most destructive, claimed 1200 lives.
o buried the Cagsawa Church because of lava
flows.
Mt. Pinatubo

Mt. Pinatubo
• composite volcano
• nestled in the Cetral
Island of Luzon,
adjacent to
provinces of
Pampanga, Tarlac
and Zamboanga.
Mt. Pinatubo
Mt. Pinatubo
• had its powerful
eruption in June
1991.
• considered as the
second world’s
largest volcanic
eruption in the 20th
century.
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