Accelerat ing t he world's research.

A PRELIMINARY VIEW AND

IMPORTANCE OF METAMORPHIC
GEOLOGY FROM JIWO HILLS IN
CENTRAL JAVA
C. Prasetyadi, Nugroho I Setiawan

Proceeding, Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6

Related papers Download a PDF Pack of t he best relat ed papers 

SPECULAT IVE MODELS OF EXHUMAT ION ON HIGH-PRESSURE LOW-T EMPERAT URE METAMO…
Salahuddin Husein, Nugroho I Set iawan

Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian ke-6

Yulian Kurnia Munandar

Pet roleum and Regional Geology Nort heast Java Basin, Indonesia
Salahuddin Husein
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

A PRELIMINARY VIEW AND IMPORTANCE OF

METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY FROM JIWO HILLS IN
CENTRAL JAVA
Nugroho Imam Setiawan1, Yasuhito Osanai2, Carolus Prasetyadi3

1
Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika 2,
Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia. Email: nusetiawan@gmail.com
2
Division of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka,
Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
3
Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Mineral Technology, National Development University
“Veteran”, Jl. SKW 104, Condongcatur, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Received Date: October 30, 2013

Abstract
Jiwo Hills is an isolated hill with approximately occupied 30 km2 in Bayat area of Central Java.
The Jiwo Hills has been considered to be composed of very low-grade metamorphic rocks. This
contribution explains a preliminary view of the metamorphic rocks from collected rocks sample in
the Jiwo Hills.
Common metamorphic rocks found in this area are phyllite, mica schist, calc-silicate schist, and
marble with the foliation trend of NE-SW. Most of the metamorphic rock exposures are strongly
weathered. Rarely epidote-glaucophane schist crop out near the exposure of serpentinite in western
part of this complex. Several carbonate sedimentary rocks are converted to garnet-wollastonite
skarn under the contact metamorphism probably caused by diabase intrusion.
Garnet-wollastonite skarn mainly consists of garnet and wollastonite embed in the quartz matrix.
The garnets are rich of grossular composition, range from Adr13–19Grs81–85Sps0–2. Those show
anisotropic, with sectorial twinning zonings. The skarn deposits might give important information
for economic resources in this area.
Epidote-glaucophane schist mainly consists of glaucophane, epidote, quartz, phengite, titanite, and
hematite. By the present of this blueschist facies of high-pressure metamorphic rock in this area, it
confirms that Jiwo Hills is one of the high-pressure metamorphic terranes together with Luk Ulo
Complex of Central Java, Meratus Complex of South Kalimantan, and Bantimala Complex of
South Sulawesi. The serpentinites might facilitate exhumation of the blueschist in the Jiwo Hills.
Detailed study of the distribution of metamorphic rocks in this area is needed in order to
understanding tectonic evolution as well as economic geology.
Keywords: Jiwo Hills, Bayat, blueschist, high-pressure metamorphic rocks, skarn

Introduction
Significantly regional metamorphic rocks scattered expose throughout Java Island. Those
are exposed in Ciletuh Complex of West Java, Luk Ulo Complex of Central Java, and Jiwo
Hills area of Central Java (Fig. 1a). Among those complexes in Java island, Luk Ulo
Complex is well-known to be worldwide outcrop of high-pressure metamorphic rocks
(eclogite, blueschist) [1, 2, 3, 4], whereas the other complexes (Ciletuh and Jiwo Hills) still
lack of publication about the metamorphic rocks and the occurrence of high-pressure
metamorphic rocks.

11
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

This contribution explains the occurrence of various metamorphic rocks in the Jiwo
Hills. Previously, [5] has reported the metamorphic facies study in western part of this
complex (West Jiwo). This paper explains detailed petrographical observation and mineral
chemistry analyses on garnet-wollastonite skarn and epidote-glaucophane schist.
Furthermore, those results are synthesized to emphasize the contribution of Jiwo Hills
metamorphic terrane on the tectonic evolution of Indonesia region. Mineral abbreviations
in this paper follow [6].

Geological Outline
Jiwo Hills located in Bayat area, which is 45 km NE of Yogyakarta (Figs. 1a, b). In this
isolated hills, which approximately has 30 km2, regional metamorphic rocks were expose
[5, 7, 8] (Fig. 1b). The Jiwo Hills have been previously considered to be composed of the
very low-grade metamorphic rocks [2, 8]. Common metamorphic lithologies in the Jiwo
Hills are phyllite, mica schist, calc-silicate schist, and marble. [5] reported the occurrence
of amphibolite, blueschist, phyllite and serpentinite in this area. Foliations of the
metamorphic rocks are reported to have a trend of NE-SW [8]. No reliable P-T conditions
of the metamorphic rocks were reported from this area.

Figure 1. Simplified geological map of Jiwo Hills in Central Java. Modified after [7, 8].

12
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

The regional metamorphic rocks are considered to be the oldest rocks crop out in this
complex. [8] reported K-Ar from quartz-mica schist yielded 98 Ma. Those are
unconformably overlain by Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks [7] (Fig. 1b). A
diabase, which yields K-Ar age of 39.8–31.3 Ma [10], intruded older rocks in this area
(Fig. 1b).

Modes of Occurrence
Field investigation in the Jiwo Hills confirms that very low-grade metamorphic rocks are
abundant in this area. However, most of the exposures are strongly weathered. The most
predominant rock types are phyllites. Rarely blueschist-facies assemblage of epidote-
glaucophane schist was found near the exposure of serpentinite in the western part of this
complex (West Jiwo) with the foliation trend varies from N62–63°E dipping 55–70° to the
south (Figs. 1b, 2a, b). Garnet-wollastonite skarn and clinopyroxene-epidote skarn were
also found in the western part (Fig. 1b). Furthermore, the occurrence of marbles were
reported by [5] also found in the western part. Whereas in the eastern part of this complex
are dominated by calc-silicate schist and phyllite (Figs. 1b, 2b, c). The calc-silicate schist
has a trend of N60°E dipping 34° to the south. The other variations of low-grade schists
found in this area are albite-muscovite schist, graphite phyllite, and quartz phyllite.

Figure 2. Modes of occurrence of the metamorphic rocks in Jiwo Hills. (a) Outcrop of
serpentinite and (b) epidote-glaucophane schist in West Jiwo. (c) Outcrop of phyllite and
(d) calc-silicate schist in East Jiwo.

13
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

Petrography and Mineral Chemistry

In this section, petrographical characteristics of collected metamorphic rock samples from
Jiwo Hills area are discussed. Detailed description of mineral assemblages under the
microscope are given in Table 1. Two samples of garnet-wollastonite skarn and epidote-
glaucophane schist were analyzed their mineral chemistries with a JEOL JED2140-
JSM5301S scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometry system
(SEM-EDS) in Kyushu University, Japan. The analytical conditions were set at an
accelerating voltage of 15 kV, a probe current of ca. 0.35 nA, and a beam diameter of 1
ȝP 1DWXUDO PLQHUDO VDPSOHV $67,0(;-MINM-53) and synthesized oxide samples (P
and H Block No. SP00076) were used as standards for the quantitative chemical analyses.
Representative chemical compositions of the analyzed minerals are listed Table 2.
Fe3+ contents of garnet were calculated using algorithms as suggested by [11]. The end
members of clinopyroxene were calculated as suggested by [12] with Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios were
determined from stoichiometry using the method of [13] as Fe3+ = 4 – 2Si – 2Ti – Al – Cr
+ Na + K, Fe2+ = Fetotal – Fe3+. Nomenclatures and calculated compositions of the
amphiboles follow [14].

Phyllites
Phyllites represent the lowest grade of metamorphic rocks in the Jiwo Hills. These rocks
contain detrital grains of quartz with fine grain matrix of chlorite, muscovite, and graphite
(Fig. 3a). Those have thin layers, in which contains two regions of detrital quartz-rich and
chlorite-rich regions. Fine-grained apatite is commonly framed by graphite and chlorite.

Calc-silicate schists
Calc-silicate schists mainly consist of calcite, quartz, muscovite, and iron-oxide grain
minerals (Fig. 3b). Weak schistosity is developed by calcite and muscovite grains. Calcite,
quartz, iron-oxide grains are having size of 0.1–0.5 mm in length, whereas muscovite is
~0.2 mm in length. Several calcite veins are cross-cutting this rocks, which is regarded as
secondary phases.

Albite-muscovite schists
These rocks show strong schistosity and mainly consist of albite, chlorite, quartz,
muscovite, and graphite (Fig. 3c). Porphyroblastic albites are abundant in this rock type.
The strong parallel schistocity is defined by chlorite, muscovite, and graphite. Chlorite and
albite might be pseudomorph after garnet (Fig. 3c). Although original garnet grains were
not identified in the collected-rock samples.

Serpentinites
Serpentinite are composed mostly of serpentine together with spinel (Fig. 3d). Spinel is
having size of 0.5–2 mm in diameter. Relict grains of protolith rocks were not recognized
due to the highly serpentinization and highly weathering condition.

Garnet-wollastonite skarn
This rock mainly consists of garnet and wollastonite, embed in the quartz matrix. The
garnets having size of 0.5–1 mm in diameter, which obviously show sectorial twinning
zoning (Figs. 3e, f). Those are rich in grossular composition with the range of Adr13–
19Grs81–85Sps0–2 (Fig 4a). Representative chemical composition analysis of garnet is shown
in Table 2. Rim to rim analysis of garnet (A to A’; Fig 3f) shows that the garnet has
slightly zone in composition with slightly lower grossular content in the rim than core
portions (Fig. 4b). The andradite composition shows opposite pattern (Fig. 4b) with
14
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

15
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

Figure 3. The scale bar without expression indicates 1 mm. Photomicrographs of

metamorphic rocks from Jiwo Hills. (a) Phyllite has main compositions of chlorite, quartz,
muscovite, and graphite with minor apatite. (b) Calc-silicate schist with calcite, quartz, and
iron oxide grains. (c) Chlorite-albite schist with chlorite and albite pseudomorph after
garnet and surrounded by graphite. (d) Serpentinite with spinel grains embed in the mesh
texture of serpentine. (e) Garnet-wollastonite skarn; garnet has sectorial twinning zoning.
(f) Back-scattered image of garnet-wollastonite skarn with A–A’ is microprobe line
analysis.

16
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

Figure 3. (continued) The scale bar without expression indicates 1 mm.

(g) Epidote-glaucophane schist has main composition of epidote, glaucophane, quartz,
titanite and hematite. (h) Back-scattered image of epidote-glaucophane schist shows that
amphibole has glaucophane composition in core-portion and actinolite composition in rim-
portion.

Figure 4. (a) Chemical compositions of garnets in garnet-wollastonite skarn are plotted on

the ternary diagram of grossular, spessartine, and andradite. (b) Zoning profile of garnet in
garnet-wollastonite skarn based on the microprobe analysis line of A–A’ (Fig. 3f). (c)
Chemical compositions of clinopyroxenes in garnet-wollastonite skarn are plotted on the
ternary diagram of clinoenstatite, wollastonite, and clinoferrosilite from [15]. (d) Chemical
compositions of amphiboles in epidote-glaucophane schist are plotted in the nomenclature
diagram of amphibole from [14].
17
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

Table 2. Representative microprobe analyses of garnet, clinopyroxene, and amphibole.

spessartine relatively flat (Fig. 4b). All of the fine-grained clinopyroxenes in this rock are
plotted in the wollastonite area of ternary diagram of clinoestatite-clinoferrosilite-
wollastonite suggested from [15] (Fig. 4c). Representative chemical composition analysis
of clinopyroxene is shown in Table 2.

Epidote-glaucophane schist
Epidote-glaucophane schist mainly consists of glaucophane, epidote, quartz, phengite,
titanite, and hematite (Figs. 3g, h). Excluding quartz, glaucophane and epidote are
ubiquitous in matrix, which having size of ~0.2 mm in diameter and show random
orientation. Actinolite occupy in the rim of the glaucophane (Figs. 3h, 4d) as secondary
phases of this rock. Chlorite and albite replace other minerals, which also regarded as
secondary phases. Representative chemical composition analysis of amphibole is shown in
Table 2.

Discussion
Metamorphic rocks crop out in the Jiwo Hills having grade variation of greenschist,
blueschist, hornfels (skarn), and serpentinite (Table 1). Based on their occurrence in the
geological map, West Jiwo has more variation of metamorphic rocks than East Jiwo. The
metamorphic grades found in the West Jiwo are greenschist, blueschist, hornfels (skarn),
18
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

and serpentinite (Fig. 1). Furthermore, [5] reported the occurrence of marble in the West
Jiwo. Whereas in the East Jiwo, so far, only greenschist was found in there (Fig. 1).

Implication of the occurrence of skarn in the Jiwo Hills

Mineral chemistry analyses have confirmed that grossular-rich composition of anisotropic
sectorial twinning zoning garnet together with wollastonite embed in the quartz matrix is
generally considered as skarn rock [16]. Carbonate sedimentary rocks should be
considered to be host rock of this contact metamorphic process with the intrusion of
igneous rock, which is probably diabase. As the preliminary study, we strongly
recommend to continue the study of skarn in Jiwo Hills by detail mapping on the skarn
zonation and prospect of economic skarn deposit.

Correlation with other high-pressure metamorphic complex in central Indonesia

Epidote-glaucophane schist is assumed to have a peak metamorphism at blueschist-facies
on the glaucophane stability field. Later retrogression was happened in the greenschist-
facies on the actinolite stability field, which shown by the amphibole texture (Figs. 3h, 4d).
The occurrence of blueschist-facies in the Jiwo Hills suggests that Jiwo Hills is one of the
high-pressure metamorphic terranes in Indonesia region together with Luk-Ulo Complex
of Central Java, Bantimala Complex of South Sulawesi, and Meratus Complex of South
Kalimantan. Relatively close synchronology in the available K-Ar ages of metamorphic
rocks in the Jiwo Hills (K-Ar: 98 Ma [8]) with the other terranes (Bantimala Complex K-
Ar: 113–137 Ma [2, 17, 18]; Luk Ulo Complex K-Ar: 110–124 Ma [1, 2, 19]; Meratus
Complex K-Ar: 110–119 Ma [20, 21]) indicates that these rocks were metamorphosed and
subducted northwesternly beneath the Sundaland in the similar time (Cretaceous age).
The occurrence of epidote-glaucophane schist in the Jiwo Hills is adjacent to the
serpentinite outcrop, which also observed in the Luk Ulo Complex, Bantimala Complex,
and Meratus Complex [2, 22]. [23] pointed out that buoyancy is the only effective force to
exhume rocks from deeply subducted levels to the base of the crust. The serpentinites are
extremely buoyant with respect to the oceanic crust that mainly consists of mafic rocks that
have been transformed to high-pressure metamorphic rocks during subduction and
increasing their density, which are denser than average mantle rocks [24]. Thus,
serpentinites might be counter-balancing the negative buoyancy, decouple, and facilitate
exhumation of the high-pressure rocks [24, 25].
Mélange deposit, ophiolite, and oceanic plate stratigraphy (e.g. chert, pillow lava),
which found in the Luk Ulo Complex and Bantimala Complex, were not observed in the
Jiwo Hills. [5] and W. Warmada (2008; unpublished data) have analyzed bulk chemistry of
several metamorphic rocks in the Jiwo Hills (Table 3). Representative samples were
plotted on the ACF diagram from [26] show that the protolith of metamorphic rocks from
Jiwo Hills were derived from sedimentary rocks without any basic igneous rock signatures
(Fig. 5). This is different from those in the Bantimala, Luk Ulo, and Meratus Complexes,
which have protolith of MORB, OIB, and arc signatures more than sedimentary rocks [4,
27] (Fig. 5).
Sedimentary rocks are much more developed in the continental crust. Therefore, it
might have possibility that Jiwo Hills was a small continental crust that had subducted
beneath the Sundaland during Cretaceous. It can also explain the position of Jiwo Hills
relatively located in the east of other high-pressure metamorphic terranes in central
Indonesia. However, these are still speculative tectonic interpretation from the preliminary
study. Detailed studies particularly of the occurrence of high-pressure metamorphic rocks
in the Jiwo Hills are needed in order to determine the tectonic evolution in this region.

19
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

20
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

Figure 5. Bulk rock compositions of metamorphic rocks from Jiwo Hills compared to the
other high-pressure metamorphic terranes in central Indonesia are plotted on the ACF
diagram from [26].

Conclusion
1. Various metamorphic rocks crop out in the Jiwo Hills area include greenschist,
blueschist, serpentinite, and skarn.
2. The occurrence of skarn in the Jiwo Hills might give prospect information of economic
mineral deposits.
3. The occurrence of blueschist-facies in the Jiwo Hills might be correlated with other
high-pressure metamorphic terranes in central Indonesia region, which considered as
Cretaceous subduction complex.

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank to staff members of Geological Engineering Gadjah Mada
University for their assistance during the field survey in the Jiwo Hills and valuable
discussions. This work is a part of the PhD study supported by JICA AUN/SEED-Net
scholarship, and was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 21253008
and 22244063 to Y. Osanai) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology, Japan.

21
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

References
[1] K. Miyazaki, J. Sopaheluwakan, I. Zulkarnain, and K. Wakita, “Jadeite-quartz-
glaucophane rock from Karangsambung, Central java, Indonesia and its tectonic
implications”, The Island Arc, Vol. 7, pp. 223–230, 1998.
[2] C.D. Parkinson, K. Miyazaki, K. Wakita, A.J. Barber and A. Carswell, “An overview
and tectonic synthesis of the pre-Tertiary very-high-pressure metamorphic and
associated rocks of Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan, Indonesia”, The Island Arc, Vol. 7,
pp. 184–200, 1998.
[3] A. Kadarusman, H.J. Massonne, V.H. Roermund, H. Permana, and Munasri, “P-T
evolution of eclogites and blueschists from the Luk Ulo Complex of Central Java,
Indonesia”, International Geology Review, Vol. 49, pp. 329–356, 2007.
[4] N.I. Setiawan, “Metamorphic evolution of central Indonesia”, PhD thesis, Kyushu
University, Japan, pp. 318, 2013.
[5] I.W. Warmada, I. Sudarno, D. Wijanarko, “Geologi dan facies batuan metamorf daerah
Jiwo Barat, Bayat, Klaten, Jawa Tengah”, Media Teknik,Vol. 2, pp. 113–118, 2008.
[6] D.L. Whitney and B.W. Evans, “Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals”,
American Mineralogist, Vol. 95, pp. 185-187, 2010.
[7] Surono, B. Toha and I. Sudarno, “Geological map of the Surakarta-Giritontro
Quadrangle, Jawa, Scale 1:100,000”, Geological Research and Development Centre of
Indonesia, 1994.
[8] C. Prasetyadi, “Evolusi tektonik Paleogen Jawa bagian Timur”, Doctoral thesis,
Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia, 2007.
[9] W. Hamilton, “Tectonics of the Indonesia region”, U.S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper, Vol. 1078, pp. 345, 1979.
[10] Sutanto, R.C. Maury, H. Bellon and R. Soeria Atmadja, “Geochronology of Tertiary
volcanism in Java”, Proceeding geologi dan geotektonik Pulau Jawa sejak akhir
Mesozoic hingga Kuarter, pp. 73–76, 1994.
[11] G.T.R. Droop, “A general equation for estimating Fe3+ concentrations in
ferromagnesian silicates and oxides from microprobe analyses, using stoichiometric
criteria”, Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 51, pp. 431–435, 1987.
[12] K. Okamoto, J.G. Liou and Ogaswara, “Petrology of the diamond-grade eclogite in
the Kokchetav Massif, northern Kazakhstand”, The Island Arc,Vol. 9, pp. 379–399,
2000.
[13] R.J. Ryburn, A. Raheim and D.H. Green, “Determination of the P,T paths of natural
eclogites during metamorphism-record of subduction”, Lithos, Vol. 9, pp. 161–164,
1976.
[14] B.E. Leake, A.R. Woolley, C.E.S. Arps, W.D. Birch, M.C. Gilbert, J.D. Grice, F.C.
Hawthorne, A. Kato, H.J. Kisch, V.G. Krivovichev, K. Linthout, J. Laird, J.A.
Mandarino, W.V. Maresch, E.H. Nickel, N.M.S. Rock, J.C. Schumacher, D.C. Smith,
N.C.N. Stephenson, L. Ungaretti, E.J.W. Whittaker and G. Youzhi, “Nomenclature of
amphiboles: report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International
Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names”, The
Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 35, pp. 219–246, 1997.
[15] N. Morimoto, “Nomenclature of pyroxenes”, Mineral Magazines, Vol. 52, pp. 535–
550, 1988.
[16] M. Gaspar, C. Knaack, L.D. Meinert and R. Moretti, “REE in skarn systems: A
LA-ICP-MS study of garnets from the Crown Jewel gold deposit”, Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 72, pp. 185–205, 2008.
[17] K. Wakita, Munasri, J. Sopaheluwakan, I. Zulkarnain and K. Miyazaki, “Early
Cretaceous tectonic events implied in the time-lag between the age of radiolarian chert
22
BPS02 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-6
Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11-12 Desember 2013

and its metamorphic basement in the Bantimala area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia”, The
Island Arc, Vol. 3, pp. 90–102, 1994.
[18] K. Wakita, J. Sopaheluwakan, K. Miyazaki, I. Zulkarnain, and Munasri, “Tectonic
evolution of the Bantimala Complex, South Sulawesi, Indonesia”, in: R. Hall and D.J.
Blundell, eds.: Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia, Geological Society of London
Special Publication, Vol. 106, pp. 353-364, 1996.
[19] K.B. Ketner, S. Kastowo, C.W. Modjo, H.D. Naeser, K. Obradovich, T. Robinson,
Suptanda and Wikarno, “Pre-Eocene rocks of Java, Indonesia”, Journal of Research
United States Geological Survey, Vol. 4, pp. 605–614, 1976.
[20] N. Sikumbang and R. Heryanto, Geological map of the Banjarmasin Quadrangle,
Kalimantan, Scale 1: 250.000, Geological Research and Development Centre,
Indonesia, 2009.
[21] K. Wakita, K. Miyazaki, I. Zulkarnain, J. Sopaheluwakan and P. Sanyoto, “Tectonic
implications of new age data for the Meratus Complex of south Kalimantan,
Indonesia”, The Island Arc, Vol. 7, 202–222, 1998.
[22] N.I. Setiawan, Y. Osanai, N. Nakano, T. Adachi, K. Yonemura, A. Yoshimoto, J.
Wahyudiono and K. Mamma, “An overview of metamorphic geology from central
Indonesia: Importance of South Sulawesi, Central Java and South–West Kalimantan
metamorphic terranes”, Bulletin of the Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies,
Kyushu University, Vol. 19, pp. 39–55, 2013.
[23] J.P. Platt, “Exhumation of high-pressure rocks: A review of concepts and
processes”. Terra Nova, Vol. 5, pp. 119–133, 1993.
[24] J. Hermann, O. Müntener and M. Scambelluri, “The importance of serpentinite
mylonites for subduction and exhumation of oceanic crust”, Tectonophysics, Vol. 327,
pp. 225–238, 2000.
[25] W.G. Ernst, “Subduction-zone metamorphism, calc-alkaline magmatism, and
convergent-margin crustal evolution”. Gondwana Research, Vol. 18, pp. 8–16, 2010.
[26] H.G.F. Winkler, Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp.
344, 1979.
[27] N.I. Setiawan, Y. Osanai, N. Nakano, T. Adachi, K. Yonemura, A. Yoshimoto,
L.D. Setiadji, K. Mamma and J. Wahyudiono, “Geochemical characteristics of
metamorphic rocks from South Sulawesi, Central Java, and South–West Kalimantan in
Indonesia”, Asean Engineering Journal, Vol. 2, 2013 (in press).

23