Name: Hailie Ashley G.

Cañete Student Number: 528995

Subject & Code: BCE221 (7094)

Unit Learning Outcomes - Week 4-5

ULO 2-A

Let’s Check

Report Topic: Elementary knowledge on symmetry elements of crystallographic systems

Keywords: Crystallography, Robert Von Dreele, Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles, Rational
Symmetry, Fold Rotation, Proper and Improper rotations, Crystals, Solid Hexagon, Constant
Angles.

Report Topic: Physical properties of minerals

Keywords: Predominant element, Streak, Luster, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Form,
Amorphous, Crystalline, Crystallized.

Report Topic: Quartz Family

Keywords: Form of frozen water, crystal, Macrocrystalline, Microcrystalline, Rock Crystal,

Amethyst, Brown Quartz, Cryptocrystalline, Chalcedony, Onyx.

Report Topic: Feldspar Family

Keywords: Feldspath, Orthoclase or Alkali, Plagioclase Feldspars, Albite, Moonstone, Microcline,

Labradorite, Oligoclase, Aluminosilicate, Minerals.
Report Topic: Augite, Hornblende, Biotite, Muscovite, Calcite, Garnet

Keywords: Pyroxene Mineral, Inosilicate Minerals, Phenocrysts, Silicate Mineral, Mica Group,
Granites, Carbonate Mineral, Rock-Forming Mineral, Gemstones, Abrasives.

Report Topic: Properties, process of formation of all minerals

Keywords: Mineralogy, Solid homogenous substance, Building blocks of rocks, Primary minerals,
Essential minerals, accessory minerals, secondary minerals, ore forming minerals, rock forming
minerals, Inorganic substance.

Report Topic: Coal and Petroleum

Keywords: Fossil fuels, nonrenewable energy source, anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous,

lignite, crude oil, gasoline, diesel, heating oil.
Let’s Analyze

In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the following statement:

Minerals 1. The basic building blocks of rocks.

1-Fold Rotation 2. A rotation operation implies either a 0° rotation or a 360° rotation and is referred
to as the identity operation.

Quartz 3. The second most bountiful mineral found in Earth’s crust.

Sardonyx 4. Onyx is known for intense colors too, such as dark red and black. Varieties with
mostly red banding are sometimes called _____.

Carbonization 5. A process in which vegetable matter becomes converted into coal.

Coal 6. A solid carbon-rich material that is usually brown or black and most often occurs in
stratified sedimentary deposits

Secondary Minerals 7. Minerals formed by the alteration of the primary minerals. Formed due to
weathering or circulation of natural solutions.

Cleavage 8. The tendency of crystallized mineral to break along certain definite directions yielding
more or less smooth, plane surface.

Hardness 9. Defined as the resistance of minerals abrasion or scratching.

Even 10. The appearance of broken structure of a mineral is nearly flat or smooth.
In a Nutshell

1. Discuss the chemical composition, structure, mode of formation, physical properties of any
four minerals.

chemical structure mode of physical

composition formation properties
a. Quartz SiO2 hard, Igneous rock Streak -
crystalline colorless
mineral Luster - Vitreous
composed of Hardness - 7
silicon and Cleavage - none
oxygen atoms Fracture -
conchoidal
fracture -uneven
Form -
Crystalline

b. Feldspar X(Al,Si)4O8, Aluminosili- Igneous rock Streak- white

where X is usually cate tetrahedra Luster- Vitreous.
potassium, sodium, Pearly on some
or calcium, but cleavage faces.
rarely can be Hardness- 6 to
barium, rubidium, 6.5
or strontium. Cleavage-
Perfect in two
directions.
Cleavage planes
usually intersect
at or close to a
90 degree angle.
Fracture-
Conchoidal
Form-
Crystalline

c. Mica Silica (SiO2) phyllosilicate, Igneous rock Streak - white or

45.57% showing a colorless
Alumina (Al2O3) two- Luster - Vitreous
33.10% dimensional to
Potassium Oxide sheet or layer pearly
(K2O) Hardness – 2.5
9.87% Cleavage –
Ferric Oxide almost
(Fe2O3) perfect
 2.48% Fracture -
Sodium Oxide uneven
(Na2O) Form -
0.62% Crystallized
Titanium Oxide
(TiO2)
Traces
Calcium Oxide
(CaO)
0.21%
Magnesia (MgO)
0.38%
Moisture at 100oC
0.25%
Phosphorus (P)
0.03%
Sulphur (S) 0.01%
Graphite Carbon
(C)
0.44%
Loss on Ignition
(H2O)

d. Augite (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al, could be a Igneous rock Streak -

Ti)(Si,Al)2O6 common rock- and some in Greenish white
forming metamorphic Luster -
pyroxene rock Vitreous,
mineral resinous to dull
Hardness - 5.5 to
6
Cleavage – has
two
prominent
cleavages
Fracture -
uneven to
conchoidal
Form -
crystallized

e. Hornblende (Ca,Na)2– amphibole Igneous rock Streak- White,

3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,S structures colorless –
i)8O22(OH,F)2. (brittle, often
leaves cleavage
debris behind
instead of a
streak)
 Luster- Vitreous
Hardness- 5 to 6
Cleavage- Two
directions
intersecting at
124 and 56
degrees
Fracture-
Uneven
Form-
crystallized

f. Garnet Fe 3Al 2Si 3O 12 Indistinguish- metamorphic Streak - white

able and are rock Luster - Vitreous
each to
fortified to one resinous
tetrahedron Hardness - 6.5–
and 7.5
one Cleavage - none
octahedron Fracture -
and to two of conchoidal to
the divalent uneven
dodecahedral Form -
destinations Crystalline

2. Differentiate the following:

a. Rock forming and ore minerals

Rock forming minerals are found in abundance in rocks and are split into two groups: primary
minerals and secondary minerals, whereas ore forming minerals are those that are significant and
conservative to extract, such as aluminum, copper, press, lead, or tin. Minerals that can be used
to extract metals and most metals are extricated frame rocks.
b. Felsic and Mafic minerals

Mafic is often used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks that are typically tall in heavy
components. While Felsic, is being used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have a
lower rate of the heavier components and are proportionately higher in the lighter components,
including silicon and oxygen, aluminum, and potassium.

c. Mineralogy and Crystallography

Mineralogy defines a mineral as a naturally occurring strong homogeneous substance with a

distinct chemical composition and a clear nuclear structure that is formed by inorganic processes
in nature. Crystallography, on the other hand, deals with the observation of the course of action
and holding of molecules in crystalline solids, as well as the geometric structure of crystal
lattices.

d. Streak and Cleavage

When you rub a mineral or a stone, the color of the powder is called streak. While Cleavage, is
the inclination of crystallized material to break along particular clear headings, yielding a rather
smooth, plane surface.

3. Discuss briefly on mode of formation of minerals.

Mineral formation is classified into two types: rock forming minerals and ore forming minerals.
Rock forming minerals are found in abundance in rocks and are classified into two groups:
primary minerals and secondary minerals. The term "primary mineral" refers to a mineral that is
formed specifically from the hardening of magma or magma. It is also known as "Pyrogenetic
Minerals," and it is divided into two categories: essential minerals and accessory minerals. The
following collection of rock-forming minerals is known as Secondary minerals, they are created
as a result of the transformation of essential minerals. Its Weathering or circulation of typical
arrangements resulted in the formation of this structure. The ore forming mineral is the second
type of mineral formation; this mineral is important and conservative to extract, such as
aluminum, copper, press, lead, or tin. Its Minerals can be used to extract metals and most metals
are extracted frame rocks.

4. Define the following:

a. Isomorphism

Isomorphism occurs when chemical components with comparable chemical qualities can
substitute for one another in a given precious stone structure, allowing the same structure to
occur with different compositions.

b. Polymorphism

Polymorphism is defined as the ability of a specific chemical composition to crystallize in more

than one shape. For the most part, this occurs in response to changes in temperature, weight, or
both.

c. Pseudomorphism

Pseudomorphism occurs when a mineral crystallizes with a gem shape that is dissimilar to the
material. It appears to occur when a contemporary mineral takes the place of a rare precious
stone. It assumes that the volumes of the original and modern minerals are one and the same, as
those little points of interest of the first precious stone are duplicated within the pseudo morph.
ULO 2-B

Report Topic: Petrology; Classification of Rocks

Keywords: Study of rocks, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, petrography,
experimental petrology, rock cycle, intrusive and extrusive, detrial, chemical and organic, foliated
and non-foliated.

Report Topic: Igneous Rocks – Occurrence and Properties

Keywords: cooling and solidification of magma, granite, gabbro, diorite, pegmatite, obsidian,
basalt, dacite, andesite, large crystal form.

Report Topic: Sedimentary Rocks – Occurrence and Properties

Keywords: small rock particles, shale, sandstone, carbonate, detrital, organic, chemical, sediments
from dead animals, sediments from plants, sediments from microogranisms at the bottom of oceans
or lakes.

Report Topic: Metamorphic Rocks – Occurrence and Properties

Keywords: Rocks that have changed from heat and extreme pressure, regional metamorphism,
contact metamorphism, temperature, pressure, foliated metamorphic rock, non-foliated
metamorphic rock, Schist, Phyllite, Serpentinite.
Let’s Analyze

Obsidian 1. An igneous rock that forms when molten rock material cools so rapidly that atoms are
unable to arrange themselves into a crystalline structure.

Extrusive igneous rocks 2. Igneous rocks that erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to
form small crystals. Some cool so quickly that they form an amorphous glass.

Sedimentary rocks 3. Are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once- living organisms.
They form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface

Chemical 4. Sedimentary rocks form when dissolved minerals come out of solution.

Foliated rocks 5. Are most often formed from mudstones and contain "fine-grained" or "platy"
minerals that are usually too small to see with the naked eye; although some can be seen without
aid.

Contact metamorphism (or thermal metamorphism) 6. Metamorphism in which rocks are so close
to magma that they start to partially melt and change their properties.

Regional metamorphism (or dynamic metamorphism) 7. This of metamorphism typically happens

when rocks are deep underground and they are subjected to massive pressure.

Detrital 8. Sedimentary rocks are made from the broken fragments of other rocks.

Magma 9. A melted rock inside Earth, a molten mixture of substances that can be hotter than
1,000-degree celsius.

Intrusive igneous rocks 10. Igneous rocks that crystallize below Earth's surface, and the slow
cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form.
In a Nutshell

1. What is the difference between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks?

Igneous rocks develop when magma (or molten rocks) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks
form as a result of the buildup of other eroded material, whereas metamorphic rocks arise when
rocks change shape and form due to severe heat or pressure.

2. Compare and contrast the following pairs:

a. Lava and Magma

Lava and magma are the same substance and material, with the exception that lava has reached
the surface and is exposed to air. As a result, lava cools faster and may contain less dissolved
gases (because they escape into the atmosphere). Because it cools faster, the crystal structure that
emerges contains smaller crystals. Because magma is sheltered underground, it cools more
slowly. It also maintains pressure, preventing any dissolved gases from escaping.

b. Sills and Dykes

Dykes are vertically intruding igneous rocks, whereas sills are horizontally cutting igneous rocks
in another land or rock form. Dykes and sills can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin.
They are also leaner, younger, and wider than the rocks or plates around them. Dykes and sills,
as intrusions, are frequently colored differently than the surrounding rocks.

c. Plutonic and Volcanic rocks

Both plutonic and volcanic rocks are igneous rocks formed from magma; the distinction is that
plutonic rocks are intruded into the earth's crust, whereas volcanic rocks are extruded onto the
crust's surface.

3. Give an account of different types of rocks among igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
groups which occur more frequently and abundantly in nature. Add note on rock cycle.
 • Igneous rocks
Igneous rocks arise when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt begins
deep inside the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot places, then comes to the surface.
Igneous rocks are classified into two types based on where the molten rock solidifies.
2 types of Igneous rocks:
1. Intrusive igneous rock- When magma is trapped deep inside the Earth, intrusive,
or plutonic, igneous rock occurs. Massive globs of molten rock rise to the surface.
A few magma may fuel volcanoes on the Earth's surface, but the majority remains
trapped below, where it slowly cools over decades or millions of years until it
hardens. Because of the slow cooling, the individual mineral grains have a very
long time to grow, allowing them to grow to a reasonably enormous size. The
texture of intrusive rocks is gritty.
2. Extrusive igneous rock- Extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks form when magma
escapes and cools above (or very close to) the Earth's surface. It is those rocks that
emerge when volcanoes erupt and crevices ooze. When exposed to the relatively cool
temperature of the atmosphere, magma, also known as lava when molten rock erupts on
the surface, cools and solidifies practically instantaneously. Because mineral crystals
don't have much time to form because to the rapid cooling, these rocks have a highly
fine-grained or even glassy structure. Hot gas bubbles are frequently trapped in quenched
lava, resulting in a bubbly, vesicular texture.

• Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks develop from previously existing rocks or fragments of once-living
organisms. They occur as a result of deposits accumulating on the Earth's surface. Layering or
bedding in sedimentary rocks is common. Many of the scenic views of the desert southwest
feature mesas and arches formed by layered sedimentary rock.
3 types of Sedimentary rocks:
1. common sedimentary rock- Sandstone, limestone, and shale are examples of
sedimentary rocks. These rocks are frequently formed from sediments carried by rivers
and deposited in lakes and oceans. When sediments are buried, they lose water and
become cemented together to form rock. Volcanic ash is found in tuffaceous sandstones.
2. clastic sedimentary rock- Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of pre-existing
rock fragments. Weathering loosens rock fragments, which are then moved to a basin or
depression where sediment is trapped. When sediment is deeply buried, it becomes
compressed and cemented, resulting in sedimentary rock. Clastic sedimentary rocks can
contain particles ranging from tiny clay to massive boulders.
 3. Biological sedimentary rocks- When a significant number of living things die,
biological sedimentary rocks form. Chert is an example of this type of rock, and it is one
of the processes by which limestone can originate. Limestone can also form as a result of
precipitation from water.

• Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks began as another type of rock but have been significantly altered from their
original igneous sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic, state. When rocks are subjected to high
heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids, or, more usually, some combination of these
elements, metamorphic rocks occur. These kinds of conditions can be found deep within the
Earth or where tectonic plates collide.
A. process of metamorphism
Metamorphism does not melt rocks; rather, it converts them into denser, more compact
rocks. New minerals are formed either by mineral component rearrangement or through
interactions with fluids that enter the rocks. Even previously metamorphosed rocks can be
transformed into new forms due to changes in pressure or temperature. Squished, smeared out,
and folded metamorphic rocks are common. Given these unpleasant conditions, metamorphic
rocks do not melt and so do not become igneous rocks.
2 types of metamorphic rocks:
1. foliated metamorphic rock- Some metamorphic rocks, such as granite gneiss and biotite
schist, are highly banded or foliated. Foliation occurs when pressure squeezes the flat or elongate
minerals within a rock, causing them to align. These rocks form a platy or sheet-like structure
that reflects the direction of pressure.
2. non foliated metamorphic rock- There is no platy or sheet-like structure in non-foliated
metamorphic rocks. Non-foliated rocks can be created in a variety of methods. Some rocks, like
limestone, are composed of minerals that are not flat or elongated. The grains will not align no
matter how much pressure you use. Contact metamorphism is another form of metamorphism
that occurs when hot igneous rock intrudes into the previous rock. The heat essentially bakes the
pre-existing rock, modifying its mineral structure without the addition of pressure.
• Rock cycle
When a rock type is pushed out of its equilibrium conditions, it changes. When exposed
to the atmosphere, an igneous rock such as basalt may break down and dissolve, or it may melt
as it is repressed beneath a continent. Rocks do not remain in equilibrium as they encounter new
surroundings due to the driving forces of the rock cycle, plate tectonics, and the water cycle. The
rock cycle describes how the three types of rocks are related to one another and how processes
change from one type to another over time. Because of this cyclical component, rock undergoes
a geologic cycle and, in the case of plants carrying life, a biochemical cycle.