GROUP MEMBERS INDEX NUMBERS

AHIMAH GABRIEL OSEI HSH/033/2021

ADU YAA PRISCILLA HSH/013/2021
PINTO ELIZABETH AWISI HSH/206/2021
MORTEY DIANA HSH/172/2021
OPARE SAMUEL HSH/195/2021
AZUKA CHRISTABLE HSH/088/2021
DZAKPATA CHRISTABLE HSH/117/2021
KLU ANTHONY HSH/147/2021
AFRAH FELICIA HSH/019/2021
ANASTASIA NANCY ANOFF HSH/063/2021
AMUZU KWESI PELEG HSH/054/2021
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASES IN CATTLE

•Food and mouth diseases (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of

livestock that has a significant economic impact. The disease affects
cattle , swine ,sheep , goats and other hoofed ruminants.
•Intensively reared animals are more susceptible to the disease than
traditional breeds.
•In this case we be studying foot and mouth diseases that affect cattle.
CAUSES OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASES

•The disease is caused by an Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae,

seven strains (A,O,,C,SAT 1, SAT 2 , SAT 3,SAT 4 and Asia 1) are endemic
in different countries worldwide each strain requires a specific vaccine
to provide immunity to a vaccinated animal.
•
 Mode of Transmission

•FMD is found in all excretions and secretions from infected animals. Notably, these animals breathe out a large amount of
aerosolised virus, which can infect other animals via the respiratory or oral routes.
•It is mainly introduced into countries mainly in imported frozen Meat
•Man is very occasionally affected and in 1966 one case was detected in Northumberland
•
•The significance of FMD is related to the ease with which the virus can spread through any or all of the following:
•
1. Infected animals newly introduced into a herd (carrying virus in their saliva, milk, semen, etc.);
•contaminated pens/buildings or contaminated animal transport vehicles.
•2.Contaminated materials such as hay, feed, water, milk or biologics;
•contaminated clothing, footwear, or equipment.
•3.Virus-infected meat or other contaminated animal products (if fed to animals when raw or improperly cooked).
•4.Infected aerosols (spread of virus from an infected property via air currents).
•5.Animals that have recovered from infection may sometimes carry the virus and initiate new outbreaks of the disease.
 Signs and Symptoms

•The severity of clinical signs will depend on the strain of virus, the exposure dose, the
age and species of animal and the host immunity. Morbidity can reach 100% in
susceptible populations. Mortality is generally low in adult animals (1–5%), but higher in
young calves, lambs and piglets (20% or higher). The incubation period is 2–14 days.
•Signs Ana Symptoms are more severe in cattle and intensively reared pigs than in
sheep and goats.
•
1. The typical clinical sign is the occurrence of blisters (or vesicles) on the nose, tongue
or lips, inside the oral cavity, between the toes, above the hooves, on the teats and at
pressure points on the skin.
•.
3. fever
•4.depression
•5.hypersalivation
•6.loss of appetite.
•7. weight loss.
•8.growth retardation and a drop in milk production, which can persist
even after recovery.
•9.Chronically affected animals are reported to have an overall reduction
of 80% in milk yield. The health of young calves, lambs, and piglets may
be compromised by lack of milk if dams are infected.
•

10.Death can occur before development of blisters due to a

multifocal myocarditis. Myositis may also occur in other sites.
 Prevention and control

•:The initial measures described in the Global Food and Mouth disease control
strategy are the presence of early detection and warning systems and the
implementation of effective surveillance in accordance with the guidelines detailed
in the Terrestrial Code . They help monitor the occurrence and prevalence of the
disease and allow characterisation of FMD viruses.
•
•The implementation of the FMD control strategy varies from country to country
and depends on the epidemiological situation of the disease
•In general, it is essential for livestock owners and producers to maintain
sound biosecurity practices to prevent the introduction and spread of
the virus.
•
•A.Measures that are recommended at the farm level include:
•
•1.Control over people’s access to livestock and equipment;
•2.Controlled introduction of new animals into existing herds;
•3.Regular cleaning and disinfection of livestock pens, buildings, vehicles and
equipment;
•4.Monitoring and reporting of illness;
•appropriate disposal of manure and dead carcasses.
•
•B.Contingency planning for potential outbreaks will identify the elements included
in a response effort to eradicate the disease, such as:
•
•5.Humane destruction of all infected, recovered and FMD-susceptible contact
animals;
•appropriate disposal of carcasses and all animal products;
•6.Surveillance and tracing of potentially infected or exposed livestock.
•7.Strict quarantine and controls on movement of livestock, equipment and vehicles.
•8.Thorough disinfection of premises and all infected materials (implements, cars,
clothes, etc.).
•9.Use of vaccination
•It is important to use inactivated virus vaccines, as inactivated virus does not have
the ability to multiply in vaccinated animals. The use of live virus vaccines is not
acceptable due to the danger of reversion to virulence. Current vaccines have a
variety of limitations and require the production of large quantities of infectious virus
prior to its inactivation. This must be performed in expensive, high-containment
facilities.
•
•
• 10.Control of FMD can be successfully achieved with good veterinary services,
enabling rapid diagnosis and implementation of control measures., including, in
some circumstances, the use of vaccines.