CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

 PRESENTATION BY VINAY RAMAN

 BCA 1ST SEMESTER
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION OF CPU
 FUNCTION OF CPU
 COMPONENETS OF CPU
 CPU CYCLIC
 FACTORS OF AFFECTING PROCESSING SPEED
 CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION OF CPU
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central
processor, main processor or just processor, is the
electronic circuitry that executes instructions
comprising a computer program. The CPU performs
basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the
program.
 FUNCTIONING OF CPU

1. TO CARRING OUT PROCESSING.

2. ALL ARTHEMATIC OPERATIONS.
3. READ INSTRUCTION AND DATA MEMORY.
4. TO COMMUNICATE PERIPHERICAL USING SYSTEM BUS.
5. TO GIVE COMMAND TO ALL PARTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
TO CONTROL THE TIMING OF INFORMATION FLOW.
 COMPONTENT OF CPU
A CPU includes three major components that are as follows −
1. ARTHEMATIC OPERATIONS (ALU).
2. CONTROL UNIT(CU).
3. REGISTER SET.
 ARTHEMATIC OPERATIONS (ALU)
 An arithmetic-logic unit is the part of a central processing unit that carries out arithmetic
and logic operations on the operands in computer instruction words.
 The following are a few examples of bitwise logical operations and basic arithmetic operations
supported by ALUs:

 Addition. Adds A and B with carry-in or carry-out sum at Y.

 Subtraction. Subtracts B from A or vice versa with the difference at Y and carry-in or carry-out.
 Increment. Where A or B is increased by one and Y represents the new value.
 Decrement. Where A or B is decreased by one and Y represents the new value.
 AND. The bitwise logic AND of A and B is represented by Y.
 OR. The bitwise logic OR of A and B is represented by Y.
 ALU shift functions cause A or B operands to shift, either right or left, with the new operand
represented by Y. Complex ALUs utilize barrel shifters to shift A or B operands by any number of
bits in a single operation.
 CONTROL UNIT
 The control unit fetches the instructions from the main memory, decodes the instructions,
and then executes them.
 The CPU interacts with the main memory and input/output devices. The CPU reads and
writes data to and from the memory system and transfers data to and from the I/O devices.
 An elementary execution cycle in the CPU can be defined as follows −
• The CPU fetches the instruction to be implemented from the main memory and saves it in
the Instruction Register (IR).
• The instruction is decoded.
• The operands are fetched from the memory system and stored in the CPU registers.
• The instructions are then executed.
• The results are transferred from the CPU registers to the memory system.
 If there are more instructions to be executed, the execution cycle repeats. Some pending
interrupts are also tested during the execution cycle.
 REGISTER SET
The register set contrasts from one
system to another. The register set
includes several registers which contain
general-purpose registers and special-
purpose registers. The general-purpose
registers do not implement any
particular function. They save the
temporary information that is needed
by a program. The special-purpose
registers execute various functions for
the CPU.
CPU CYCLIC
CPU cycle:Usually, the time required for the execution of one simple
processor operation such as an addition; this time is normally the reciprocal
of the clock rate. The term has been used formerly for the time required for
the fetching and execution of one simple (e.g. add or subtract) machine
instruction; this use however is inappropriate now when most processors
exploit pipelining. The CPU cycle is one of many figures-of-merit for a
computer system. See also computer power, cycle.

FETCH: The processor operates by processing instructions in what is called the

"fetch/execute cycle." The processor fetches (reads from memory) an instruction and
then, depending on the instruction, executes it (takes some further action with it, such
as shifting bits to the right or left).

EXECUTE: In computers, to execute a program is to run the program in

the computer, and, by implication, to start it to run. In usage, people run
programs and systems execute them..

DECODE: a: to convert (something, such as a coded message) into intelligible

form
b: to recognize and interpret (an electronic signal)
FACTORS OF AFFECTING PROCESSING SPEED
 COMPUTER WORD SIZE.
 BUS SPEED.
 MAIN MEMORY SIZE.
 CACHE MEMORY SIZE.
 CLOCK RATE OF THE C.P.U.
COMPUTER WORD SIZE: Word sizes thereafter are naturally
multiples of eight bits, with 16, 32, and 64 bits being commonly used.

BUS SPEED
The term "bus speed" refers
to how quickly the system
bus can move data from one
computer component to the
other. The faster the bus, the
more data it can move within
a given amount of time.
 MAIN MEMORY SIZE
The main memory of a computer can
also be called as primary memory. It is
also known as random access memory
that is RAM . when computer is shut
down all the data in RAM is erased.
Primary memory is computer memory
that is accessed directly by the CPU .
RAM is normally located on the
motherboard and so is typically less
than 12 inches from the CPU.This
include a several type of memory such
as the processor cache and system
ROM.
 CACHE MEMORY
Cache memory, also called
cache, supplementary memory
system that temporarily stores
frequently used instructions and
data for quicker processing by
the central processing unit
(CPU) of a computer. The cache
augments, and is an extension
of, a computer's main memory.
Difference between RAM and ROM
CLOCK RATE OF THE C.P.U
Clock speed is the number of pulses the
central processing unit's
(CPU) clock generates per second. It is
measured in hertz.
Cpu clocks can sometimes be sped up
slightly by the user. This process is known
as overclocking. The more pulses per
second, the more fetch-decode-
execute cycles that can be performed and
the more instructions that are processed in
a given space of time. Overclocking can
cause long term damage to the CPU as it is
working harder and producing more heat.
 CONCLUSION
CPU is essentially a hardware that performs functions related to
input and output, processing and storage of data for a computer
system. A CPU can store data, instructions, programs, and
intermediate results. It also controls the functions of all the
significant parts of a computer. A CPU has various components
which are dedicated to performing certain functions. The main
memory is used for storing all the data and instructions that are
required for processing. The logic section performs the function of
carrying out complex operations such as addition, division,
multiplication, and subtraction
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