Professional Documents
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Probability
Probability Reminder
• An experiment is a repeatable process that gives outcomes
• An event is a collection of one (or more) outcomes
• A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes in an experiment
No. outcomes in that event
• P(event occurring) = Total possible outcomes
• Impossible event P = 0
• Certain event P = 1
4A
Probability
Probability Reminder
• Find the probability of a fair dice landing on a 5.
1
• P(5) = 6
4A
Probability
Probability Reminder
• Two spinners are numbered 1-4. Both are spun and the sum of the numbers
calculated. Find P(5) and P(x > 5)
4 5 6 7 8 Draw a sample space to show the outcomes.
Spinner 2
3 4 5 6 7
P(5) = 4 1
=
2 3 4 5 6 16 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 P(x > 5) = 6 3
=
16 8
Spinner 1
4A
Teachings for Exercise 4B
Probability
Using Venn Diagrams
Venn diagrams are a very useful way of representing Probabilities. They
can also help you answer multi-part questions.
S
A B
A rectangle labelled S
represents the
Sample Space
4B
Probability
S
Using Venn Diagrams A B
S
The area outside of A represents the A B
Probability of A not happening.
P(A') = 1-P(A)
4B
Probability
Using Venn Diagrams
In a class of 30 students, 7 are in the choir, 5 are in the school band and 2 are in
both the choir and the band. Draw a Venn diagram to show this information.
4B
Probability
Using Venn Diagrams
In a class of 30 students, 7 are in the choir, 5 are in the school band and 2 are in
both the choir and the band. Draw a Venn diagram to show this information.
B C
5
P(B') = 1 -
30 3 2 5
25 5
P(B') =
30 6
20
You could also have got /30 by counting the parts not in the ‘B’ circle.
25
4B
Probability
Using Venn Diagrams
A vet surveys 100 clients. She finds out the following:
25 have dogs 53 have cats 40 have fish
15 have dogs and cats 10 have cats and fish 11 have dogs and fish
7 have dogs, cats and fish
S
1) Always fill in the middle first. The D C
middle represents all 3 pets
6 8 35
2) Then fill in the parts where 2
circles overlap. Remember to take
away the middle from each. 7
4 3
3) After this you can fill in the rest,
based on what you have already
completed 26
S
P(Dog only) = 6 3
D C
100 50
6 8 35
P(None of these) = 11 26
100
F 11
4B
Probability
Formulae from the Venn Diagram – The Addition Rule
5C
Probability
Formulae from the Venn Diagram – The Addition Rule
A B
The Probability of A or B is the whole
of the area inside the circles
P(A or B) = (a – i) + (b – i) + i
a-i i b-i
P(A or B) = a – i + b – i + i
P(A or B) = a + b - i
1 – (a + b – i)
P(A or B) = a + b - i
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
Rearranged you can also
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) get this formula
5C
Probability
Formulae from the Venn Diagram – The Addition Rule
A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7 and P(A or B) = 0.9.
Calculate: a)
P(A B) S
b)
P(A')
c)
P(A' B) A B
d)
P(A' B)
0.2 0.4 0.3
a) P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
P(A B) = 0.6 + 0.7 - 0.9
0.1
P(A B) = 0.4
Now you know the intersection, you can draw a Venn diagram!
5C
Probability
Formulae from the Venn Diagram – The Addition Rule
A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7 and P(A or B) = 0.9.
Calculate: b)P(A')
c)P(A' B) S
d)P(A' B)
A B
d) P(A' B) = 0.3
‘Probability of not A, and B’
5C
Teachings for Exercise 4C
Teachings for Exercise 4D