1.

a Stage 3: Model used to make predictions

Stage 5: Comparisons are made against the devised model
Stage 7: Model is refined

b One advantage, e.g. ‘relatively quick and easy to produce’ or ‘enable predictions to be
made’
One disadvantage, from ‘Simplification may cause errors’ and ‘model may work only in
certain conditions’

2. a Continuous

b 4.5, 6.5

c 3.5

d 5–6

e 5–6

f 4.91 seconds

3. a 24.1 cm

b It will increase the overall mean.

4. a Discrete

b 192

5. a 28.2 kg

b 6.55 kg

c 30

6. a Mean 1.65, variance 1.45

b 37

7. a Mean 2.95 mm, standard deviation 1.45 mm

b 8 days

c The daily rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the range.

8. Mean 63 seconds, standard deviation 7.27 seconds, so 1 standard deviation below the mean is
55.73 seconds.
Using interpolation, and assuming an even distribution of times in the 50–60 class, 12
students have met the qualifying time so the coach is possibly incorrect (depending on the
actual times in the 50–60 class).

9. Mean 4.66 m, standard deviation 0.333 m

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 10. a Mean 2.4, standard deviation 1.19

b Mean $740, standard deviation $119

11. a Length of time is continuous data.

b 204

c 180

d The data is evenly distributed in the 40–45 second class.

12. a Missing frequencies: 10, 12

b 32

13. a Mean 4.35 kg, standard deviation 0.5 kg

b 5.8 > 5.35 so yes, it is an outlier.

c 4.27 kg, 0.383 kg

14. a Q1 15.5, Q2 20, Q3 27.5

b 15.5 – 1.5(27.5 – 15.5) = −2.5; 27.5 + 1.5(27.5 – 15.5) = 45.5, so 68 is an outlier.

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 15. a 29.5

b 19

c 39 + 1.5(19) = 67.5 so 69 is an outlier

16. Q2 − Q1 > Q3 − Q2, so negative skew

17. a Mean 50 kg, standard deviation 6 kg

b −1, so negative skew

c Median and interquartile range, since the data is skewed.

18. Rome is, on average, hotter and the daily mean temperature is more varied. The temperature
is positively skewed in Stuttgart and negatively skewed in Rome.

19. a Mean 61, standard deviation 12

b The female students did better, on average, and their marks were less spread out.

20. a Gym A: 28.5, Gym B: 31

b 33 – 22 = 11

c The ages of members of Gym A are lower, on average, and with less variation.
43
21. a 112

9
b 14

c The distances travelled are evenly distributed in the 2–4 and 8–10 classes.

d There is no upper class boundary for the last group, so interpolation is not possible.

9
22. 80

23. a 0.1

b 0.16

c 0.6

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 24. a

b 0.15

21 10 7
c   so no, they are not independent.
40 40 40

25. a 0.15

b 0.3625
26. a

R Rʹ
F 40 51 91
Fʹ 42 27 69
82 78 160

41
b i 80
1
ii 4
40
iii 91
9
iv 26

27. a x = 0.24, y = 0.36

6
b 11

28. a 0.28

b 0.18

c 0.4 × 0.7 = 0.28 so yes, they are independent.

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copyright free.
 29. a

b i 0.195
ii 0.37
iii 39
74

7
30. a 26

7
b 13

7
c 13

Challenge
1. a 0.15

b 0.532

c 0.368

2. Incorrectly recorded age was 6; new standard deviation is 6.912 (3 d.p.)

3. Mean 53.1%, standard deviation 16.7%

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