Click

You could move to the next animation or slide by clicking on this dot > now!

wk aulw ri topo tikE

Golden Ships to Tompoq Tikkaq:

The La Galigo’s Perception of Trade and

Politics in Early South Sulawesi
Horst H. Liebner
EAST, University of Leeds
 Click
now!

surE ag ero?

One of the longest literary

Photos by Sirtjo Koolhof

Photo: Nurhayati Rahman works made by man: At

least 300,000 lines of each
ten syllables scattered
throughout hundreds of
manuscripts in an archaic
form of the Bugis language.
Photo: Nurhayati Rahman
 ag critn? The Story?
A creation myth, and …
 Click
now!

Descending from
Batara Guru: We Nyiliq Timoq :
Heaven, rising from
Son of the Daughter of the Ruler of the
Underworld
Ruler of the Underworld
Heavens

… by many a scholar
Batara Lattuq
Various adventures
We Datu Senggeng : of the royal clan
interpreted as a picture of
Princess of Tompoq
Tikkaq
….

early Bugis society.

Sawerigading We Cuddai:
Princess of Cina

Returning to
Heaven /
Underworld
I La Galigo
 Click
now!

etg? Where?
 Click
now!

Dan Crocker,
nig?
… and Who?
dreaded
wrestler, warriors.
staging under … the Boogeyman: the
the title of…
‘western’ picture of
Bugis sailors of the 17th bol
bs augi: to 19th centuries?
Speakers of
Bugis in S
and SE
Sulawesi

lopi
http://www.worldwrestlinginsanity.com
Famous as
Sneddon 1986
sailors, traders,
boatbuilders …
 Click
Based on a ‘complete’ manuscript stored under now!
NBG188 at the KITLV, Leiden, compiled by
Colliq Pujie Arung Pancana Toa on request by Sources
B.F.Matthes, a Dutch official, in the 19th century
Arung Pancana Toa (terj. Muh. Kolhof,
Salim,S., n.d.
F.A.Enre), 2000
La Galigo, Jilid II Dutanna Sawerigading
Lembaga Pen. Univ. Hasanuddin, Makassar [LGAP]
Unpl. Dis., KITLV, Leiden
Enre, F.A., 1999 Based on two manuscripts:
Tropenmuseum Amsterdam no
Ritumpanna Wélenréngné
Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 673/4
Jakarta[A] and a manuscript
[RWFE]
owned by the late H.J.Nyompa,
Nurhayati, R., 1998 Makassar [B]
Sompeqna Sawerigading lao ri Tana Cina
Dis., Univ. Hasanuddin, Makassar [SLCN-A/B]
 Click
now!

Descending from
Batara Guru We Nyiliq Timoq :
Heaven, rising from
Daughter of the Ruler of the
Underworld
Underworld

Batara Lattuq’s voyage

to Tompoq Tikkaq
Various to
adventures
Batara Lattuq of the royal clan
We Datu Senggeng :
court and marry….We
Princess of Tompoq
Tikkaq Datu Sengngeng

Sawerigading We Cuddai:
Princess of Cina
Famous for his
maritime exploits … Returning to
Heaven /
Underworld
I La Galigo
 Click
now!

Transcribed/translated Conventions
text of manuscripts:
Following the spelling
of the respective source
Remarks directly
Background
related to text
information

!?# 
 Click
now!

Ships?
Batara Lattuq doesn’t have ships: His father, when ‘receiving’
his bride-to-be, arising “in between the waves of the sea …
orders his servants to swim [out to the sea] in order to
welcome [her], but they are considered as not suitable enough
and ordered to return. Batara Guru himself then swims in her
direction […until…] eventually he succeeds in sitting besides
his cousin [Wé Nyiliq Timoq] in her litter. For nine days and
nights they float on the sea, contesting their magical powers.
[…Eventually] the litter with Batara Guru and his bride
moves in the direction of the shore.” [Salim et.al. (ed.)
2000:7-8 transl.b.t.a.]
 Click
now!

Thus …
In•nine
The first
days, Son, ships
/ used in the Sureq Galigo are
after your return from the Heavens /
build in heaven
there will emerge on the waves /
for Batara Lattuq’s voyage …
Lé naséra matuq wenninna, Anaq, /
before your eyes the great ships sent down from the Heavens, /
polému ri Boting Langiq, /
Mariogaé, La Siang Langiq, Rakka-Rakkaé, /
narini tallé ri wawo émpong /
Banynyaq Lompaé,
mutuju I La tanété
mata wakkaq Patibo, Anging
riuloqé, / Laloé /
I La Tiwajo, Anging
Mariogaé, Tangngaé
La Siang dan Banynyaq
Langiq, Rakka-Rakkaé, / Lompaé /
Banynyaq Lompaé, I La Patibo, Anging Laloé /
with a thousand escorts. /
I La Tiwajo, Anging Tangngaé, Banynyaq Lompaé, /
As many [as that will be the] big ships attending them/
lé nasésebbu pélapangkuru lé pangatiqna. /
LGAP 43:[8]8-20
Sékua to lé wakkaq loppo lé paddanrenna /
 Click
now!

Still in use by Sawerigading …

Already broken
• Though are the shining
Sawerigading ships / them to be
claims
frail is the I Latiwajo /
unseaworthy, so he doesn’t have to sail to
the golden ship of the Heavenly Descendent. /
Cina:
Loose are the pakkaraka of the Mariogaé /
she can’t sail theMaburuq
seas anymore.
énni wakkâ/wéroé/
Dutukeng toni I Latiwajo/
Even before waves could dash her, she would break. /
Wakkâ ulaweng manurunngé/
Loose are, too, the iron toni
Maleqgâ calaq of the Rakka-Rakkaé.
pakkarakana Mariogaé/ /
Tempeqding toni mattennga tasiq./
Torn are the dyed sails / pa bombang nareppaq/
Tennatappoq
Maleqgâ toni calaq bessinna Rakka’rakkaé./
of the various ships.
Masapéq toni sompeq patola/
Tessénrupana joncongenngé. RWFE, 371
 Click
now!

However …
• The ship(s) used by Sawerigading to sail to Cina
just the same were not build by man: When
eventually succeeding in felling the tree for the
ship, the ruler of the underworld claims that:
[…] the Wélenréng tree, /
will not liked to bepattoqdang
[…]assuro workedngion/ by mankind. /
maithey
Fail would ri awa
inWélenréngé,
finishing/ /
téana mua najari-jari to Alélino Béttawenngé. /
the work, the craftsmen of Earth, /
Naia tona teppudu-pudu /
on the Béttaweng
ritu nawinrûtree
panré to Kawâ.
RWFE, 485
 Click
now!

Anyway …
= No Bugis boatbuilding,
• ‘The capable craftsmen’ [panré
not evenoroagié]
mananrang carpenters, in the
called together to
Sureq tree
fell the Wélenréng Galigo.
are not Bugis:

“Rise, all of you [people from] Méngkokâ, /

Selayar, you cut / “Tarakkâ nao Méngkokâé, /
Silajâé, murétteki wi /
the bolstering roots which clingmakkarakaé
lé alumpili / /
to the branches of the Béttaô .” Béttaôé.”
Ri paleppanna
RWFE, 409
 Click
now!

A boat-type of 19th century: “[…] in the bâsa La.-Gal. and‘Ship’

Bâwang used for a sailing ship”, “what actually is meant is
the hose [for draining water of the deck] on the lôdjang of
this vessel […] though it is often used to denote the whole of
the ship” – •thus,
Waka(q), Wakka(q),
• wk a decked vessel.
Matthes, B.F. 1874: Boegineesch – Hollandsch Woordenboek, trns.b.t.a.
Wakang, Wangkang

• joCoGE • Joncongeng

• lopi • Lopi
Modern Bugis, ‘ship’; used only rarely in the texts
 Click
now!

Pedwk:
Padewakang
wk: Wa[ng]-ka[ng]
/wangka/: “maybe the
• earliest
wk tenet mnuru
Austronesian word for
boat”
Batara Lattuq’s ship: Wangkang Tanete
Manurung Doran, E., Wangka. Austronesian Canoe Origins, 1981:19

• pedwkE, pedwk
Padewakeng [BUG], Padewakang [MAK]:
A type of trading vessel of the 18th-19th
centuries
Hati Marege , a replica of a 19 century padewakang. Photo b.t.a.
th
 Click
now!
For three months, a multitude of people /
unloaded the various goods / Types of Ships?
Aroundwas
everything turned Batara Lattuq
overflowing with /goods /
counting
which thecountry
filled the ships. / of Tompoq Tikkaq / […]
Sevennot
however, thousand big lasareng,
yet empty /
were the Wakkaq […]/
andjust
It was thethe
same number
cargo of theofgigantic
pélapangkuru and binanong/
pélapangkuru and binannong, /
and thusaccompanying
the mighty were the vessels of the many
lasareng / people /
the mighty
and thusoutriggered beroang.
the kolliq-kolliq /
Nagiling ronnang Batara Lattuq /
LGAP, 137:[38]16-28 Natellung mpuleng lé mapparuru /
[there was] only one huge one. qbilang nyiliq i joncongenngé. /
to maégaé lé waramparang /
RWFE, 493 Na pitu sseqbu lasareng mpekkeq, /
lébeng me­neng ni lé waramparang /
sékua to pélapangkuru binanonngé /
ronnang lipué ti Tompoq Tikkaq / […]
sékua to rajo tomaégé /
tennalobbang pa Wakkaq […] /
sékua to lé kolliq-kolliq /
Ia mua pa nalurengngé pelapangkuru, binannongngé /
séua mua palallo raja.
lasareng mpekkeq maddanrengngé, /
beroang mpekkeq mangatiqé .
 Click
now!

Types of Ships?
A ship for
•transporting
bnwth animals, • Banawa
19 century
• plpKuruExcept the name• ofPelapangkuru
the ship Aju Widara
Pangkur, pakur: a
• outrigger
binnoWinanongé, not one• of
boat of the
these words is found
Binannong
A boat with
Matthes 1885: Ethnographische Atlas …

• pGti in thepeople
the Mandar fragmentary
outriggers: ati • SLCN-A, proposedly
Pangati
kolikoli used for • Koli-Koli century.
written
• ‘Sampan(?)’: in the 17 th
or 18 th

• lsrEtransports of • Lasareng
passsengers and goods
• bEroa
from/to bigger ships • Beroang
 Details of their Construction?

• Taking a ship into port:

“pasappé atiq ri padadaé”
“wedge the outrigger float into [the roots
of] the nipah palms”
• Boarding a ship:
“llété riatî potto, ncékkai barateng-kading”
“treading on the golden float, stepping over
the ivory outrigger beam”
 Click
now!

Details of their Construction?

barateng: ‘beam’

4. tudang ri
1. pasappé atiq ri padadaé:
The additional formula ttuppu aqdénéng
appasareng / ri
jajarenna
float is wedged into the
nipah-palms’ roots
joncongngé:
joncongeng
‘sitting on deck / [‘climbing the ladder onto
in the hut of the
vessel’ the ship’] shows up only rarely: The
2. lété ri ati:
hulls of most vessels must have‘treading
been onto float’
level with the outrigger beams.
3. cékkai barateng:
‘stepping over beam’
atiq: ‘float’, wedged onto land
 Click
now!

Details of their Construction?

• Starting a voyage:
1. “mapakkonynyo penning / guling”: lowering the rudder
2. “mpangung lolosu”: raising the mast
3. “nariwakkasang sompeq”: hoisting the sail

barateng:
‘beam’
guling,
penning: sompeq,
rudder lajaq: sail
pallajareng, lolosu:
mast atiq: ‘float’
 Click
now!

Details of their Construction?

• Cabins?
La Soroq
Tenrilollong and
maccokkong La Temmallureng
La Tenrilollong, sat down
La Temmallureng / /
ri jajarenna joncongengngé / /
in the Jajareng
jajarang of theisship.
an open space used for
mappasiruaq tudang lingkajo sétangngarenna /
dressed accomplishedly
nasampuq / ribulo-bulo.
setti unynyiq rinaga
receiving guests in a house or a
in yellow silken sarongs with golden fur as embroiderments.
palace, i.e. not a term which
LGAP is
103:[27]31-34

exclusively used for boats – and

people in the jajarang of a ship can be
seen from outside …
 Click
now!

Details of their Construction?

Pempolang /epPol/ indicates “the middle of a sea-craft
• Cabins?
below the patoekoe-koeroeñg”, the latter a “a kind of
roof on
Batara a boat
Lattuq made
dries outafter
himself of bamboo and
a bath[1], sitskajang” [1].
or stands,
On contemporary
together boats,
with his wife[2] the kurung
ri pémpolanna is a roof-like–
joncongengngé
construction
where made
he apparently canout of seen
been leaves or outside:
from timber “Mécawa
over the
mua Datu Gimaé
(undecked) hull,/ tuju mata i anauréna
triangular, ri pémpolanna
in most cases removeable
joncongengngé”[3], “Datu Gima just laughed / turned his
and thus fairly impermanent. In all four instances
eyes to his nephew in the cabin of the ship”.
found in the text, pempolang is combined only with
[1] LGAP 95:[24]29-47; [2] LGAP 419:[131]15; [3] LGAP 335:[102]30-31
joncongan and never occurs with wakkaq.
[1] (Matthes 1874: Boeginees-Nederlands Woordenboek. s'Grafenhage: M. Nijhoff,)
 Click
now!
brtE: ‘beam’

pakkarakana?

Fragmentary!
puteqna RWFE, 370
guling?
RWFE, 500

Small, outriggered boats!

soPE, lj: ‘sail’
jjern wk: ‘space
Ships of the 19 century!
belo pangoreq
meneq?
under awning’ th
SLCN-B, 274:[546]7

lolosu, pljrE: ‘mast’

ati: ‘float’
guli, epni: ‘rudder’
 Click
now!

Tonnage: 122,000 GT ????

Length: 314.80 m
… in the course of theBeam: voyage to be joined by
36.80 m
“three
While hundred
on the Wakkaq nursemaidens
Tanété Manurung /[Batara
Draft: 8.30 m the same number
Lattuq’s flagship] /
of district
there chiefsrowers
are a thousand / hundreds of nursemaidens for
Decks: 17 decks
/ Installed power:
For three months, a multitude of people / kw
91,364
the
the offspring
same number ofoffemale
the nobles
Capacity:/2,852
servants. / […]passengers
and numerous
[And]unloaded
thousandstheofvarious goods servants
male Luwuq / /
ordinary slaves”[1] which are given
Crew:approx. 1,271 to Batara
the same numberwas
everything of female servants
overflowing from
with Senrijawa
goods / /
Lattuq
carrier of byfans
the Datuof Gima when
Rualetté he stops
, Celebrity at the latter’s
Eclipse:
which filled the country of Tompoq Tikkaq.
kingdom, plustanété
Na ia sia wakkaq thousands
manurungngé,of
LGAP, 137:[38]16-19 NatellungNewest
/ supplementary LGAP, “bissu
61:[14]16-19
cruise ship
mpuleng lé mapparuru /
pattudang”[2], gifts
siriwu sia lé pabbiséna,sékua of the
to bissu
to maégaé
/ king of /the Moluccas.
lé waramparang
pattudang lé pangadeqna. /
of Celebrity Lines
lébeng me­neng ni lé waramparang /
Manajang sebbu lalaki Luwuq, /
ronnang[1]
lipué ti Tompoq
LGAP Tikkaq.
73-75:[60]9-14; [2] LGAP 77:[19]19
sékua to lé manédara to Senrijawa, /
lé pabbéroni to Rualletté.
 Click
now!

How do these ships look like?

Kua mua ni dattia mpellang /
Like the shining sun /
tikkaq tarénréq mammula cabbéng rituju mata /
like the burst of the rising sun in your eyes /
suloi tasiq tappaq minanga /
lighting up the sea and throwing rays of light upon the river /
mpellang maneng ngi wiring mpobaé /
lightening up sompeq
lolosu potto, all thepatola
shores
/ /
golden masts,
sampano silken
dusiq, sails /bélo wakkaqé /
lajaq macetti
withbarateng
silk awnings
ngkading,/atiq ulaweng /
elaborately dyed
wisé tanrajo, génosails are the
rirumpang / adornment of the ship[s?] /
namajang
ivory nioq bélo
outrigger beamspangoréq ménéq wakkaqé.
and golden floats/ /
Taddoméng-nroméng lao ri olo /
golden paddles, three-strained chains. /
kaiq madduiq buiq-buiqna lé sompeqé.
Coconut blossoms are the adornment of the halyard[s] aloft the ship[s]. /
Racing each other for the lead /
a thousand laced bands are the sheets of the sails.
LGAP 82:[20]41-51
 Click
now!

‘Shining’ …
• When Sawerigading approaches Cina, the
local ruler believes to see two suns rising:
“Truly he has grown old /
our lord and ruler /
“Tanranna tongeng mua ni his/ eyesight isn’t sharp anymore /
mennang datu puattaq dat[to see]
matoa / the golden mast erected /
tai langisseng lé pabbojanna /
on the ship out there on the sea/
lolosu potto ri pattijanna /
to ri wakkaqé mai alauq /
rising together with the sun /
sitanrérékeng walinono / he thinks it is two /
lé nasengang ngi dua / suns rising.”
matanna lé tikkaqé.” SLCN-B 271:[540]9-16
 Click
now!

‘Shining’ …
• Kua mua ni dattia mpellang / tikkaq tarénréq mammula
cabbéng rituju mata – like the rays of the sun / like the sun
blinding the eyes directed to her
• Kua mua ni These formulas
lé taraué are repeated
rituju mata – like looking at a
rainbow throughout the manuscripts
• Lé nasamanna kéteng mattengnga langiq rinyiliq – like
looking at the moon under discussion.
in the middle of the skies
• Wakkaq ulaweng suloi tasiq, tappaq maneng ngi wiring
mpobaé – the golden ship lightens up the seas and
illuminates the shore
 Click
now!
= No Bugis sailors in the
The crews of these extraordinary ships?
Sureq Galigo.
La Pangoriseng said, /
“Paddle, men of Selayar, / row, too, men of Waniaga.” /
As one was the sound of the paddles struck by the men of Selayar, /
and turning around the men of Waniaga pulled on the oars.
Kua adanna La Pangoriseng, / Mappangara ni ToLGAP
Sinilélé77-9:[19]24-28
/
“Wisé o, mennang Silajaqé, / mpangung lolosu potto nasompeq. /
aggajong to kko, Waniagaé.” / Kua adanna To Pananrang, /
Sama leppang ni soéang mpisé Silajaqé, / “Wisé o, mennang Silajaqé, /
sama ngkiling To
ni tulekkeng gajong Waniagaé. aggajong to kko, Waniagaé.”
Sinilélé ordered /
the golden mast to be raised and [they] sailed. /
To Pananrang said, /
“Paddle, men of Selayar, /
row, too, men of Waniaga.”
LGAP 341:[104]58-9, [105]1-3
 Click
now!

During fifteen nights of the sailing /Navigation?

of the wearer of the golden headgear of Alé Luwuq /
the oarsmen did not rest, /
Captains
the lookouts who never
were never were wrong/
inattentive, /
the crew steersmen
on the aft deckwho kept
always werewatch /
careful
sleeping attentive.
in turns.
paruluqduang
Natangnga balang / /makkatta sompeq /
temmalilué,
pulo wenninna
lé pakkamunri
To Mappaménéq LGAP
malitutué ri Alé Luwuq,
Wara-Waraé / 79:[19]47-48
Seven splendid
tenripalessoq compasses
paggajongngé / were placed at the mast /
gazing
ripasisulléout
soroqto sea /and watching out for sandbanks.
matinro
parulu balang temmalilué / LGAP 343:[105]21-28
lé pakkamunri malitutué. /
Pitung padoma lebbiq mamancéng ri lolosué, /
tiro labangeng, pémagga pasiq sadeng mabéla.
 Click
now!

Batara Lattuq’ s route based

Cina
on aMata Soloq
map of the ‘World of the Galigo’
in Fahruddin 1999:115

Taranati

Tompoqtikkaq

Luwuq

Maloku

Sunraq ri Lauq
Jawa ri
Aseq
Gima
 naompoq mua punnaé liu / ?? The most logical route Click
now!
mampérang ngi jari kananna, / Tompoq Tikkaq
najjellokang ngi laleng riola / …
Checked
mattuju lao ri Tompoq Tikkaq.
suddenly a crocodile showed up /
against the best 40 nights of sailing
after leaving

possible
right finger, /scenarios, Batara
Maloku 15 Taranati
pointing with it’s Days

indicating the route to be sailed /

Lattuq’s
heading for Tompoq Tikkaq. voyage does not
15
Days

correspond with metrological

LGAP 79:[19]37-40

Luwuq

and geographic conditions. Maloku

… e.g., 2 knot, i.e. about 50 nautical 7 Days 15

Attempts
miles / etmal [24h of sailing] to construct
x 64 day’s
Pujananti, “ageography of the Days
Anrobiring?
downwind Archipelago based on the
journey from 9Jawa
Days ri Aseq =
La Galigo”[1]
? Days
or a
the vicinity of the Solomon
Mata Soloq? Islands
“toponomy
10 Days of a part
45
Days
of Nusantara according
Jawa ri
to the Galigo”[2]
15
Aseq Days
3 months from
by various
3 Days
scholars thus …
Gima Sunraq ri Lauq
Luwuq = 64
days Jawa ri [1] Pelras 1996:67ff; [2] Fahruddin 1999:115.
Lauq - Gima
 Click
now!

In no part of the Who twoowns

hitherto these ships?
edited and
published volumes
It is only three, / of NBG188 Wéwang
“Tellu miNriuq is of
siaq / Lord actually
Cina, whovisited
arrive in /or becomes
goldenlaleng
ships,
/ the descendants /
place
Opunna Cina makkappo
of an
wakkaq ulaweng wijanna mai /
episode of the story.
of Alé Luwuq, those who emerged /
ri Alé Luwuq “In this undated
maddeppaqé / past, Central and South
from a bamboo. /
Sulawesi are dominated by three leading
ri lappa tellang /
There, too,/ éare those from Tompoq Tikkaq /
powers:
naia to na ri Tompoq Tikkaq W wang Nriwu’, Luwu’ and
the descendants
tuneq wijanna polalengngé / borne /
Tompo’tikka, each of which appears to
tojang mpulaweng. in / the golden hammock. /
control one of the three areas which remain
Naia to na tuneq wija /
Thereof again are those
strategic descendents /
importance.”
polalengé lé aju ara lakko /
risussang ri Wéwang(?) Riuq
borne/ in the ara lakko wood /
Pelras, The Bugis, 1996:65
makkappo laleng living in Wéwang Nriuq /
wakkaq ulaweng.”
who arrive in golden ships.”
SLCN-B 275:[546]23-[547]8
 Click
now!

And: In the Sureq Galigo the Gods of the

only created Luwuq …
… how comes there is Tompoq Tikkaq,
Wéwang Nriuq , Maloku, Gima etc?
 Click
now!
“‘When I arrived/
to anchor my ship in Watang Mpareq / ????
“Natakkadapiq naq /
I was never asked to pay /
pasoré wakkaq ri Watang Mpareq /
river tax and harbour tolls. /
lé na masua rirampéang ngaq /
sessung minangaWhen
tampaq Iwalennaq.
came to/ anchor the ship /
Takkadapiq naq in thewakkaq
pasoré lands /of Tompoq Tikkaq /
ri Tompoq Tikkaq […] never was
ri lolangenna / I/
[…]
… Harbour Tolls?
asked to pay river tax /
kurirampéang sessung minanga / tolls./
and harbour
tampaq walennaq. /
When I anchored the ship /
Tanrapiq to na pasoré wakkaq /
in Wéwang Nriuq /
ri Wéwang Riuq /
[…]mua
ri tu ngullé na masua no /one asked me (?) /
my lord
ponratru kurirampéang to pay
sessung / river tax / and harbour tolls.”
Minanga tampaq walennaq.” SLCN-B 272:[543]3 – 273:[543]20
 Click
now!

Harbour Tolls?
•“Tarry awhile here, Lord of Luwuq, in your country /
fillWherever
your belly / Batara Lattuq stops, he is greeted
with
with formulas
the produce indicating
of your submission – and
land in Pujananti.”
… not a journey
does not pay tolls, but receives gifts,
“Léppang ko mai, Opunna Luwuq, through
ri lolangemmu / the in
LGAP 65:[15]33-35

muparisi wi ri laleng kati /

lengngémany physical
tanamu caseworld,
riaPujananti.”leavingbut the aimpression
procession
“Amaséang ngaq,of Opunna Luwuq, /

Have dependent
pitythrough realms
political fulfilling their tributary
constellations?
muléppang mai ri lolangemmu, /
on me, Lord of Luwuq, /
minung uaé lawi macekkéq, /
duties …
you tarry awhile here in your country, /
muparisi wi ri laleng kati /
drink the cool fresh water, /
lengngé tanamu ri Jawa ri Aseq.”
fill your belly /
with the produce of your land in Jawa ri Aseq.”
LGAP 69:[16]26-30
 Click
now!

Harbour Tolls?
• However, when arriving at Cina, the actual
… while
… and retaliates withhisa magically
father journeyed
evoked storm, which
Tana Ugiq, ‘the Land of the Bugis’, in the
demolishes Cina’s a
through coastguard
world fleet and destroys
dominated by some
Sureq Galigo, Sawerigading is asked to pay
150 houses: Sawerigading’s Luwuqnese believe
taxes,Luwuq,
as stated Sawerigading,
by the ruler oftodayCina:the
themselves aloft the customary regulations, and do not
refrain from using naked per
cultural forcese
“The
To ripeople
wakkaqéon thehero
to aré ships
mai / come from of the
where / Bugis
to avoid taxation – just as
where
ujung is the country
lolangeng they live
ri cokkongenna / in /
their
[they people,
fathers
who
mangnguju were
are]
sore hasreluctant
not
intending
ri gellengngé to
to paytoin
/ anchor taxes
use in the
the magical
harbour /powers to
they
secure dotheir
tenna not know
isseng ngi adeqthe
sway
/ adat /
over the toll-rights of …
Tompoq Tikkaq.
thepangngala
correct riform‘Land
lolangekku / of
of offerings the Bugis’
in my country /
ala ia ga
maybe dangkang
they are MalayMalaju traders
/ /
[ifnapaénréq
so,] theysessung minanga
will have to /pay river tax / and harbour tolls”
tampaq walennaq. SLCNA 272:[542]1-8
 Click
now!

Harbour Tolls? Traders?

“If someone comes to anchor, Sister /
Enreng pole i, Anri, makossoq /
[…]
[…]we take iwhat
tapangilé we/ wish /
elo téata

ofrithe
waramparang tessérupana lé dangkangngé. /
various valuable goods of the merchants /
[…] pada paénréq pakkasiwiang, /
[…] they
tampaq all bring
walenna, offerings
sessung minanga. //
river tax, harbour
Naé rékkua risellirangtolls.
ngi / /
tana tudangeng to nalawaé sadeng lipunna, /
We point out /
naritaroang lé juru basa séadannaé nasappaq baluq
a place to stay for these people from afar /
we appoint a translator of their language so they can trade.”
LGAP 85:[21]23-38
 Click
now!
[La Tenrigiling:] Sinukerenna
“Since the marriage of the orphans
botting marani / /
lé to béué
only their wisheséloqna
by the cockfighters.
Harbour Tolls? Traders?
are followed /
mani natimummingi
opu/ passaung, pabbuno manuq. /
/

[…] Hence, deserted […] is the cock-fighting

Namalino arena//
na sia baruga
• The
the placetampaq
where many walenna,
gathered to
ammésorenna sessung
/ maégaé / minanga, ‘river
in front of the palace
lé ri where
olona lé I live.”
sao loci / ricokkongekku. /
tax
[…] Wé [and] harbour
Tenrijélloq
[…]replied,
Mabbali tolls’
/ ada Wéare an imperative
Tenrijelloq, /
privilege
“In my opinionof a ruler:
it“Kumadécéngang
would be better Though
if mua ni sia/better
we send / part of the
our envoys to their palacesurota
ménréq / ri langkanaé /
signs
to tell theof wealth
orphans /
makkedai and wi lépower
to béué / had already ‘changed
to stop the cock fighting, / i lé sawungngé /
hands’ earlier,extraordinary
napamaté
not to lengthen those
open hostility events in
between
Tompoq
the/
Tikkaq.”
ajaq naranruq alangengngé ri Tompoq Tikkaq.” /
Luwuqnese versus
La Tenrigiling answered,
Pakkuling / adaLa Tenrigiling
La Tenrigiling, / and his wife,
“Let a ship come“Taroto anchor in Tompoq
i nrapeq Tikkaq / ri Tompoq Tikkaq /
joncongengngé
the
then weusurpers
will be first of Tompoq
to charge
lé tabétta
Tikkaq,
the tollsimpuang
i nredduq on the estuary. breaks
/
ri minangaé. /
out only
after a merchant
If the orphans [Batara
Napotéa pivessel
Lattuq’s wife and
kawalakié anchors
/ her sister] inobjectthe/ river
then we start / lé tainaqqa paranruki wi /
mouth:
great difficulties perriq
in the country.”
mawekkeq lolanengngé.”
LGAP 243:[71]7-29
 Click
now!

Harbour Tolls? Traders?

• Batara
… because:
Lattuq’s opinion regarding his wife’s
treasures that had been seized by the ursurpers
is Tenripaddinru
not much sumpang mpalana /
different:
Never there were two taxes/
lolangengngé ri Tompoq Tikkaq, /
tenripaddinru
in the land of Tompoqpajung lakkoé
Tikkaq
“Taro ni sia, / ri/ Sawammégga.
To Sinilélé,
“just let it be […] /
never there were two golden
taredduq umbrellas
mai lé simpuanna in Sawammégga.
to ri wakkaqé /
wenapotéa
will tax thetomanang
pi datu peopletoofparappaé
that ship,
/ LGAP/ 245:[72]7-9
andlé if the usurper
nainappa is angry /
tannawa-nawa.”
we will think about it.”
LGAP 245:[71]50-53
 Click
now!

Harbour Tolls? Traders?

• … or, as Batara Lattuq’s wife states facing an
envoy of her enemies:
“It seems“Datu i paléq
that Wé Wé Tenrijelloq,
Tenrijelloq I La Biraja.
already became / I La Biraja, /
queen,
though ILédonatangnginang
not recall / kuéngngerrang ngi /
lé naénréki
her receiving pakkasiwiang
offerings and harbourtampaq
taxes /walenna /
ri temmaténa
before died datu puakku
my noble father / /
Turung
Turung Bélaé Bélaé
and mallaibiné.
his wife. / /
They [LaNasalossoq
Tenrigilingi and
waramparakku,
his wife] seized/ my wealth, /
moved mynapalélé
kingdom,i angkaukekku,
/ /
and nownainappa na traders.”
they tax the nredduq simpuang ri dangkangngé.”
LGAP 249:[73]24-31
 Click
now!

Traders? Goods?
If it is the [people of] Maloku calling here, / or the [men from]
Buton• anchoring
Maloku their or Butonboats, / they:carry Natural
parrotsProducts
who are clever at
talking / [different languages …] If it is the [people of] Waniaga /
who visit The waramparang, the
• Waniaga
Naé rékkua
our country, / all they carry : Textiles
/ is different sorts of Malay
carpets. / IfMaloku nrappeq,
it is the [people/ Butung
of]aré ga sore
Jawa wakkaqna,
Saburo / rinicast
/ who natiwiq lé
anchor in
Tompoq signs of the nobilities’
baweng runo makkeda tau / […] Naé rékkua lé Waniaga /
• Jawa
mai nrappeq Tikkaq, Saburo
/ they
ri lolangetta, carry
/ rini ngi:sia
mills,
maneng Aromatics
/ the testicles
natiwiq / of the memu they
sell,
appeq / fragrant incense/ Naé
Malaju tessérupaé. theyrékkua
bringJawato Saburo
sell. / /If it is the people of
Jawa
status and power, found so
•
mai narappeq
Jawa
Cina ri Tompoq
/ who Cina
anchor Tikkaq,
in /our
paggiling
:
country, Textiles
mua ritu natiwiq,
/ they
lé timpausu lé napobaluq, / kamenynyang mperreq lé ténémala lé napobaluq. /
cloth / andJawa
sell tosilken
/ Malay woven
bring
Naé rékkua Cina / patola elephant
pasoré wakkaq cloth. // If it is the [people of]
ri lolangetta
lé: napobaluq.
Ceramics
Jawa
tennung
abundantly in their palaces.
•Peringgi
Naé rékkua
/ they
Jawaritu
Malaju
sell Kelling
/Peringgi
who enter
natiwiq,
Jawa Perengkitempayan
the gaja
/ patola
/ pamminanga
river with
jars /i bowls
the golden
wakkaq ulaweng
/
with handles
ships they ride,
ripolalenna,
they / bring. /
balubu Kelling ritu nabaluq, / pinceng rituling ritu natiwiq. /
IfNaé • theJawa
it isrékkua [people Patani
Jawa Patani of]/ sore
Jawa :/ anchoring
Weapons
Patani ripolalenna
joncongeng the ships they
ri Sawammégga, / ride
inléSawammégga, / muskets
pana guttuq ritu napobaluq they
/ ubaq selllé /napobaluq.
warani brave gunpowder they sell.
LGAP 83:[20]57-85
 Click
now!

Thus …
• … having finished the construction of a
= Power
new palace in the
in Wareq, Sureq
Sawérigading’s
Galigo
very is the
first order right
for his and
retinue is the
“llawa padangkang ri tasiqé, /
command over the
“to impede
naléppang the traders
maneng patarala means
on the
i/ seas /
baluq-baluqna ri langkanaqé.”
toall‘impede the
to call at the porttraders’
/ and
to trade in the palace”
obtain the waramparang .
RWFE, 156
 Click
mtErim kes ldE - Thank you for your kind attention. now!

• … and thus corresponds with the archaeological

finds at Luwuq’s early centre at Malangke:

… a settlement “above either a river or an estuary with a

landing stage”[1], “the ideal place to control trade carried
along the river between the coast and the inland domains”[2]
. The control over this “harbour that is never quiet”[3] is the
mainstay of power of the Sons of Luwuq’s Gods – and
headquarters for their attempts “to impede the traders on the
seas / all to call at the port / to trade in the palace”, to
eventually obtain the warang-mparang, the blatant symbols
of their might.
[1] Pelras 1996:78; [2] Caldwell 1995:unpg.; [3] E.g., LGAP 343:[105]31, “ri ujung tana rappekkeng
Bulbeck, D. and I. Caldwell, Land of Iron, 2000:67 ncawa temmalinoé”