Semi-finals

English Enhancement for 3rd year college students

In terms of structure, sentences can be classified in
four ways:

1. Simple: one independent clause

2. Compound: at least two independent clauses
3. Complex: an independent clause and at least one
dependent clause
4. Compound-complex: two or more independent
clauses and at least one dependent clause
Simple Sentences:
Example: "The cat sat on the mat."
Compound Sentences:
Example: "The dog barked, and the cat ran away."
Complex Sentences:
Example: "After the rain stopped, the sun came out."
Compound-Complex Sentences:
Example: "She finished her work, but she missed the bus
because it was late."
Diagnostic test on Kinds of Sentences according to Structure
Simple:
1.
2.

Compound:
1.
2.

Complex:
1.
2.

Compound-Complex:
1.
2.
Let’s recall
 clauses
• independent (main clause)
It's a clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence because
it expresses a complete thought.

• dependent (subordinate clause)

This type of clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
because it doesn't express a complete thought.
dependent markers (conjunctions)

• after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in
order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever,
whether, and while

• and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet

• also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless,

and therefore.
Quick Quiz
1.You stole my magical shoes.
2.Jack and Jill like walking and fishing.
3.Tom is starving.
4.Which I need to impress my date!
5.You stole my magical shoes.
6.But hates running and hunting.
7.Until you clean your room.
8.The universe and human stupidity.
9.I like hot chocolate.
10.When he states that something is impossible.
Can we consider both dependent and independent
clauses as sentences?
Independent Clause (Sentence):
"She went to the store."
Dependent Clause (Not a sentence on its own):
"Because she needed groceries,"
e.g.
Because she needed groceries, she went to the store.
 Simple Sentence
-A simple sentence contains only a single clause that stands
alone and makes grammatical sense. A simple sentence has
only one subject and one predicate, as in “Tom is hungry.”
-A simple sentence can also have a compound subject (two or
more subjects doing the same action), a compound predicate
(two or more actions being performed), and modifiers that
describe the subject or predicate (such as adjectives, adverbs,
and direct objects).
EXAMPLES: (simple sentences with simple subject)

1. The sun sets in the west.

2. She sings beautifully.
3. I enjoy reading books.
4. Dogs bark loudly.
5. The flowers bloomed in spring.
EXAMPLES: (simple sentences with compound
subject)

1. Tom and Jerry are best friends.

2. Apples and oranges are fruits.
3. Dogs and cats are common pets.
4. Alice and Bob play tennis together.
5. Music and art are her favorite subjects.
EXAMPLES: (simple sentences with compound
predicate)

1. She sang and danced at the party.

2. He laughed and cried during the movie.
3. They ate dinner and went for a walk.
4. The team practiced hard and won the game.
5. I cooked dinner and cleaned the kitchen.
EXAMPLES: (simple sentences with compound
subject and compound predicate)

1. John and Sarah sing and dance together.

2. Dogs and cats bark and purr.
3. Apples and oranges grow and ripen in the orchard.
4. The sun and the moon shine and illuminate the sky.
5. Mary and Tom laugh and play games.
Which of the following sentences is a simple
sentence?

1. Jack likes fishing.

2. Jack likes fishing but hates hunting.
3. Jack likes walking and fishing but hates running and
hunting.
4. Jack and Jill like walking and fishing but hate running
and hunting.
Which of the following sentences is a simple
sentence?

1. Jack likes fishing.

2. Jack likes fishing but hates hunting.
3. Jack likes walking and fishing but hates running and
hunting.
4. Jack and Jill like walking and fishing but hate running
and hunting.

Answer: all of the above

How can we make a compound sentence out from
the sentences below?

1. Jack likes fishing.

2. Jack likes fishing but hates hunting.
3. Jack likes walking and fishing but hates running and
hunting.
4. Jack and Jill like walking and fishing but hate running
and hunting.
How can we make a compound sentence out from
the sentences below?

1. Jack likes fishing.

2. Jack likes fishing but hates hunting.
3. Jack likes walking and fishing but hates running and hunting.
4. Jack and Jill like walking and fishing but hate running and
hunting.
Answer:
-Jack and Jill like walking and fishing, but they hate
running and hunting.
-Jack likes walking, but he hates running and hunting.
 Note:
When a simple sentence has compound predicate, don't
separate the subject from its second verb with a comma”.

Example:
My dog likes toast, but does not eat bread. (X)
My dog likes toast but does not eat bread. (√)
 Compound Sentence
-composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not
require a dependent clause.
-A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence
-Use FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) to write a
compound sentence using the two simple sentences.
 a compound sentence
F - For: reasons
A - And: addition/next action
N - Nor: not one or the other
B - But: contrasting and unexpected results
O - Or: choices and conditions
Y - Yet: contrasting and unexpected results
S - So: actions taken
 a compound sentence
• and

Addition: Tom enjoys playing tennis, and he likes cooking.

Next Action: We drove home, and we went to bed.

 a compound sentence
• but/yet

Pros and cons of a situation: We wanted to visit our friends, but

we didn't have enough money to get a flight.

Unexpected results: Janet did very well on her job interview, yet
she didn't get the position.
 a compound sentence
• so / for (effect / cause)

"So" expresses a result based on a reason.

I need some money, so I went to the bank

"For" provides the reason.

I went to the bank, for I needed some money.
 a compound sentence
• or
Choice Between Two or Conditions
• We thought we might go to see a film, or we might have dinner out.
• Angela said she might buy him a watch, or she might give him a gift
certificate.

Conditions
• You should study a lot for the test, or you won't pass. = If you don't
study a lot for the test, you won't pass.
 a compound sentence
• Neither One nor the Other “nor”

- We won't be able to visit our friends, nor will they be able to

visit us this summer.

- Sharon isn't going to the conference, nor is she going to present

there.
 a compound sentence

(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

We studied many hours for the test. We didn't pass the test.
 a compound sentence

(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

We studied many hours for the test, but we didn't pass the test.
 a compound sentence

(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Peter doesn't need to buy a new car. He also doesn't need to go

on vacation.
 a compound sentence

(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Peter doesn't need to buy a new car, nor does he need to go on

vacation.
The independent clauses can be joined using one of the
following methods:
1. A conjunction with a comma (e.g., ", and")
I like tea, and he likes coffee.
2. A semicolon
I like hot chocolate; it sends me to sleep.
3. A dash
I know you're here — I can smell your perfume.
4. A conjunction with a semicolon (e.g., "; and")
After the lights went out, I could hear you whispering; and I
know you were talking about me.
There are two great reasons to learn about
compound sentences:
1. Deciding whether to put a comma before "and" (or
any conjunction).

A conjunction (e.g., "and," "or," "but") that joins two

independent clauses in a compound sentence is preceded
by a comma. A conjunction that joins two of anything else
is not normally preceded with a comma.
EXAMPLE:

She tells great jokes and sings brilliantly.

(There is no comma before "and." This is a simple
sentence. It is just a list of two verbs, "tells" and "sings.")

She tells great jokes, and she sings brilliantly.

(This time, there is a comma before "and." This is a
compound sentence. The clauses either side of the "and"
could be standalone sentences, i.e., they're independent
clauses.)
A geek is a guy who has everything
going for him, but he's just too young.
He's got the software, but he doesn't
have the hardware yet.
A geek is a guy who has everything
going for him but is just too young. He's
got the software but doesn't have the
hardware yet.
 Note:
The trick is to look for a subject-verb pairing after
the conjunction. If both are present in both halves
of your sentence, then you should put a comma
before your conjunction.
There are two great reasons to learn about
compound sentences:
2. Avoid the run-on sentence.
You cannot join two independent clauses with just a comma.
That causes a mistake known as the run-on sentence.

• Dogs have masters, cats have servants. (X)

• Cannibals don't eat clowns, they taste funny. (X)
• I didn't fall, I'm just spending some quality time with the
floor. (X
EXAMPLE:
• Dogs have masters, cats have servants. (X)
• Cannibals don't eat clowns, they taste funny. (X)
• I didn't fall, I'm just spending some quality time with the floor. (X)

Instead…
• Dogs have masters, but cats have servants. (√)
• Cannibals don't eat clowns; they taste funny. (√)
• I didn't fall — I'm just spending some quality time with the floor. (√)
EXERCISE:

I. Identify as either SIMPLE or COMPOUND.

1. The dog barked loudly."
2. She sang beautifully, and the audience applauded."
3. The sun sets in the west."
4. He cooked dinner, but he forgot the dessert."
5. My sister reads books, and my brother plays video
games."
6. They danced all night."
7. The birds chirped, and the squirrels scampered."
8. I like ice cream, but I prefer cake."
9. The rain fell softly."
10. She painted a picture, and he wrote a poem."
II. What does FANBOYS stand for?

F-
A-
N-
B-
O-
Y-
S-
III. Enumerate 10 Dependent Markers