Energetics

Exothermic and endothermic reactions recap

Balance between energetics of bond breaking
and bond formation
• If more energy used to break bonds than form them, energy is taken
in and reaction is endothermic

• If more energy released forming bonds than breaking them, energy is

released and reaction is exothermic.

• Units for energy?

• kJ/mol – so need to know the chemical equation!
Enthalpy change ΔH
• Standard conditions? (Hint: think about the temperature and pressure
you might use)

• Under standard conditions known as

• Why do we talk about measuring heat changes at a constant

temperature, if heat changes would cause temperature changes?
• P = 100 kPa and T = 298 K
• What is that temperature in degrees?

• A reaction is not thought of as being over until the products have

cooled/heated up back to 298 K

• Why do the physical states of reactants and products matter?

• If there’s a state change further energy needs to be considered (either
put in or released depending on the state change)

• Enthalpy level diagrams?

Measuring enthalpy changes
• The standard molar enthalpy of formation, , is the enthalpy
change w hen one mole of substance is formed from its constituent
elements under standard conditions. all reactan ts and products being
in their standard states.
• The standard molar enthalpy of combustion, , is the enthalpy ch
ange when one mole of substance is completely burnt in oxygen
under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their
standard states.
• Difference between heat and temperature?
Difference between heat and temperature
• Temperature:
• Proportional to av. KE
• Independent of no. of particles.
• Measured with thermometer

• Heat:
• Total energy
• Does depend on no. of particles

• How would you measure enthalpy change (heat energy change)?

• Mass of substance being heated/cooled
• Temperature change
• Specific heat capacity

• What is the equation linking these?

• C is measured in J/g/K
Measuring enthalpy changes of flammable
substances and in solution

What kind of graph would you plot?

Finding 6.fH0 from /lcH"