Cartesian product

Presented by-
Ashish upadhyay
 Cartesian Product
● The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted by A × B, is the set of
all ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
● In other words, the Cartesian product is the collection of all possible pairs
that can be formed using elements from the two sets.
● The Cartesian product is a set that contains all possible pairs of elements
from two sets.
● For example, if A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c}, then the Cartesian product A ×
B = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (2, a), (2, b), (2, c), (3, a), (3, b), (3, c)}.
Definition
The Cartesian product of X and Y , denoted X × Y , is {⟨x, y ⟩ : x ∈ X ∧ y ∈
Y }.
Note: z ∈ X × Y iff there exist x ∈ X and y ∈ Y such that z =⟨x,
y ⟩.
{1, 4, 5} × {1, 3} on the Cartesian plane.
{1, 4, 5} × {1, 3} = {⟨1, 1⟩, ⟨1, 3⟩, ⟨4, 1⟩, ⟨4, 3⟩, ⟨5, 1⟩,
⟨5, 3⟩}.
ˆ

3 . . .

1 . . .

0 )
0 1 2 3 4 5
Discrete Cartesian diagram of {1, 4, 5} × {1, 3}.
{1, 4, 5} × {1, 3} = {⟨1, 1⟩, ⟨1, 3⟩, ⟨4, 1⟩, ⟨4, 3⟩, ⟨5, 1⟩,
⟨5, 3⟩}.

3 . . .

1 . . .

1 4 5
[4, 5] × [1, 3] on the Cartesian
plane.

1
0 )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
[4, 5] × {1, 3} on the Cartesian
plane.

1
0 )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
 Properties of the Cartesian product
● The Cartesian product is associative. This means that
(A × B) × C = A × (B × C) for all sets A, B, and C.
● The Cartesian product is commutative. This means that A × B = B × A for all sets A
and B.
● The Cartesian product is distributive over the union of sets. This means that A ×
(B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C) for all sets A, B, and C.
● The Cartesian product is empty if either of the sets is empty. This means that A ×
Ø = Ø × A = Ø for all sets A.
● The cardinality of the Cartesian product is the product of the cardinalities of the
sets. This means that |A × B| = |A| |B| for all sets A and B.
 Applications of the Cartesian product
● The Cartesian product is used in a variety of mathematical and scientific
applications, including:
● Set theory: The Cartesian product is a fundamental concept in set
theory.
● Logic: The Cartesian product is used to construct truth tables.
● Computer science: The Cartesian product is used to represent relations
between sets.
● Statistics: The Cartesian product is used to compute the probability of
events.
Thankyou
Proposition
X × (Y ∪ Z ) = (X × Y ) ∪ (X × Z
)
Definition
The Cartesian second power of X , denoted X 2 , is X ×
X.
The Cartesian plane is R2.

3 .⟨5, 3⟩
) x
5
Graphing/visualizing Cartesian product X × Y :
► If X, Y ⊆ R - the graph of X × Y on the Cartesian
plane.
► If X, Y are finite - discrete Cartesian diagram of X × Y .
Exercise
1. If X has m members and Y has n
members, how many members are there in
X× Y?
2. What is X × ∅ ?

Exercise
3. Disprove: For any X, Y , we have X × Y =
Y × X.
4. Disprove: For any X, Y , we have X ×
Y /= Y × X .
Proof
⊆)
Assume (*) a ∈ X × (Y ∪ Z ).
Goal: a ∈ (X × Y ) ∪ (X ×
Z ).
From (*), a = ⟨x, b⟩ for some x ∈ X and b ∈ Y ∪ Z
. So, a = ⟨x, b⟩ for some x ∈ X and (b ∈ Y or b ∈
Z ).
Case: b ∈ Y )
We have: a = ⟨x, b⟩, x ∈ X and b ∈ Y
. So, a ∈ X × Y .
So, a ∈ (X × Y ) ∪ (X × Z ).
Case: b ∈ Z )
We have: a = ⟨x, b⟩, x ∈ X and b ∈ Z
. So, a ∈ X × Z .
So, a ∈ (X × Y ) ∪ (X × Z ).
Proof, continued.
⊇)
Assume (**) a ∈ (X × Y ) ∪ (X ×
Z ). Goal: a ∈ X × (Y ∪ Z ).
From (**), a ∈ (X × Y ) or a ∈ (X ×
Z ).
Case: a ∈ (X × Y ))
We have: a = ⟨x, b⟩ for some x ∈ X and b ∈ Y
. So, a = ⟨x, b⟩ for some x ∈ X and b ∈ Y ∪
Z . So, a ∈ X × (Y ∪ Z ).
Case: x ∈ (X × Z ))
We have a = ⟨x, c⟩ for some x ∈ X and c ∈ Z
. So, a = ⟨x, c⟩ for some x ∈ X and c ∈ Y ∪
Z . So, a ∈ X × (Y ∪ Z ).
Exercise
1. Prove: (X ∪ Y ) × Z = (X × Z ) ∪ (Y ×
Z ).
2. Prove: X × (Y ∩ Z ) = (X × Y ) ∩ (X ×
Z)
3. Prove: X × (Y − Z ) = (X × Y ) − (X × Z
)

Exercise
4. Complete: (V ∪ X ) × (Y ∪ Z ) = ...
5. Complete: (V ∪ X ) × (Y ∩ Z ) = ...