Distance formulas:

In R2:distance
(xy)2
=
=j(xx)
+

In (R3:distance =

j(yx)
+
(xy)
+
(x 2)

①x+
y2 z2 16 (sphere radius 4 about
origin)
=
+

②(x 3)2 (z- 1)2 2 5 -2,177

(y z)2 (sphere radius 5 (3,
about
+ + +
-
=

q
③ (in 1R3): centered
y2 cylinder radios
x + 16
=
Ca 4

on
z-axis that
is
infinitely
tall)

④ 2+
(y 3)2
- 25
=

: y
Y Cylinder
around

x-axis
radius

line
5

parallel

going through y:3

centered
to

⑤ +
y2 2
+
solid
16:
=
ball radius 4 centered in
origin
but
region!!
Not a surface a
suppose I and w are two vectors It) 3,
with
=

(w) 8
=

① Find 1+ wl i
if =
=1

&
Find I+ ol i
if = - w
3
= -

8: 5

③ Find I+ w/ if " and are

I perp.

8
>
132 82 73
=

34
+

I. =(v//w/cos O

projew:(component,w)i (/wkos 0) v (w.v)

=
=

Cross-product:

Does
* work
not in
IR2, only
IR**
↳ -......

Two vectors and 5 form a

parallelogram 5
........
productforms 8 5
magnitude
cross vector +to and whose

equals the area of the

parallelogram
with direction chosen

by righthand rule. (anti-commutative)

 Less formula:crxw 5 ((w)
obvious c(r w)
=
x
=
x

(a 5) i (axi) (5 i)
+
x =
+ x

& (5 i) (a 5) (a i)
x + =
x + +

I
Tax5l=(alb(sinc I

Eg:F (3,2, -47, t 25,1,7)

=
=

x
* :

(3:,2j, -44) x ( 5i,j,7k >

1s(xi) 3(ixj) 21(ix) 10(j i) 2xxj) 14(jxk)

+ + +
x
+
+

20(kxi) 4(kxj) 26k)

- -
-
x

3k 14: 4i 18i 7k
-21j -20j 4/j
=

-10k
=
+ -
+
-

(18, 41, -7)

= -

Better method:Determinantof 3x3 matrix

I3)
i j
=i(18) j(4)) k) z)
-

+
-

5
218, -41, -77
=

Application of cross and dot product. 3 vectors in R3 span

a parallelepiloid"Find volume:
if the vectors are it and w, volume i(vxw)
=
 M

Equations of lines in IR2

found
Any
on
point the line
(c,y) can be
through
(1,7) + 25, 37
-
+

(1,7)
·

(5, 3)

↑
-

·
(6,4)
POINT VECTOR
FORM
↓

F(t) r(0)=
+
+Y

POINT-POINT FORM

↓
v(t) (1
=
-

+) ro tr +

↳)
quite good be no calculations
necessary

POINT-NORMAL FORM -

↓ take it as normal
Normal
(3,5)

·
(1,7)
....
>(5, 3)
-
5.(r ) -
0
=

·
(6,4)
therefore in standard form:a c +
by c
=

a and b are coefficients of the

normal vector.
 Equation of a
plane in IRY

The orientation of plane is controlled normal vector

by
-> a a

the
to plane.
↳ Parallel planes share a normal vector.

plane, pointon and vector

To
specify need the plane
->

you
a a a

normal to the
plane.
...
. r N.
=

of Quadratic surfaces
Equations in Ra

eg sphere/cylinder

x y2
+

9
z=
+

16
I consider
ac-y plane (2 =0)

=c y2 1 Elipse
-
=
+

Do for other 2 planes

FORMS AN ELIPSOID
Example:

x2
yz z2
+
=

ccryplane:once-plane
i
on
plane.
you
on

! 2
Z
y
I

i
-
8 x y

W
In 3D:

e
=DOUBLE-CONE
centered around z-axis

...........
S
-

W
Example 2:

+
x z2
y
=
I

on
cry
"on-z plane.
plane.
i
on
y-z plane:
I

! 2
Z
y
I

i ⑧

-
y

In

-
3D:

PARABOLOID

centered around

y-axis
Example 3:

2 4x2
=
-

9y2 I

on
cry plane."on-z plane. i
on
y-z plane:
I

mas
2
Yx2
ay
2
·
Z
y
I

i
x 62 y

In 3D:

V Like a taco or

waterslide
"
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
suppose there are 3 functions:f(t), g(t), h(t)
And we set

E
x=
f (t)
t mint 1 trax
y g(t)
=

z h(t)
=

F(t)
& =
(1 -

+) Fo+ tr,, 0 It11,

> >

where and a
given vectors
wo r, are

This describes line from to to ri

segment
a

② (t) (1 2+)Fo+2tr,
= -

0 ct=1/2

same path, but in half the time

(twice as
fast)

(t) tro
③ =
+
(1-t)r, 02+1 1

same as I butbackwards

⑭
(t):(1 -
e- )r etro, +
o t- D

straight line
path to to r, with speed
from
shrinking asymptocally
approach
a so we

as + -> 0
 F(t) <cost, sint),
=
0 It =
6T

circle
a unit that
goes around times, counterclockwise
=
3

starting at (1,0)

F(t) <5cost, 3sint),

=

0Ct=24

e-radius 5 and
:an eclipse an
with of
y-radius of 3

↳ does describe
angle.
-

not an

st(t)
I
=

5sint +4 0 =t =
M

j(t) 3cost 2
-
=

-clockwise path starting t he

at top
ofan elipse
-radius:5,
y-radius 3
=

Center at
(4,-2)
Begins at(4, 1, ends at(4,-5) half
:

an elipse

(t) <cost,=

sint, 4t>, 0Ct1 6M

e
helical coil
=>

M
-

(t) <cos8t,
=
sin 5t, los

0 t =
6M.

We know it's a closed loop.

Describeandparametrize
the curve intersection
of the
of

E
22 x2
yz
+
=

52 5
4y
=

X
↓
(45y2 1)2 +
+
x
=

yz

1425y2 8y/5 +
1
+ =
x
y2
+

9/25y2 815y 1
+ =

x
-

THEN:
complete the
square!!

I
An elipse centered at
x2
= +

9/25(y2 40/9y) 1 + =

(0,20/a)

:crals(y: aya" 1)
1
=

1619
+

c-radius i
-

25a
y-radius=
Eja"(y-2010) 1
=

625/81

Recall 2 415 + 1
y
=

E 45(24/asint
=53 0 t =
2M
+

2%) 1
+
+

z
=
 Parametrized Paths
Differentiating
return to example:F(t)=<cos 8t, sin 5t,cos (+41) >, 0 = + = 64

Velocity v'(t) <-8sin8+, 5cos 5t,

-at
sin
(+4/h) >
=
=

(t) be used to find

tangentline to parametric point
any
...
can a a curve at

So vi
(412) 20,0,-5/2)
=
and
r(M/2)=<1, 1, 5/22

so line Fo tt (1,1,k/2) + (0,0,- r/2)

tangent
+
=
= +

Iv(+)):/v(t)) speed
=

from which a unit

tangent vector, I can

be made

Arclength:
cc:f(t),
moving along v(t)
: e
when line
velocity
->
a the =
=

speed (v(t) 1,
=
not displacement:
((t) at

and net
speed=(rctldt
...

Arclength (P1r(t)dt.=("_()"(**) i)
=

at
Example:Let F(t):<etcost, esint, Jets, 0 <t= 4M

Find total
length ofpath.

& ~(t) <- etsinttetcost, etsint+etcost, 3ets

=

Iv(t))=(etcost -

etsint) (etcost+etsint) (3et

+
+

=, zezt(cost+sint) 9e2t
+

=2e2+9e2t

Het
-

Redo another
way:
↑

(t) et <cost, sint, 3>

=

↑ (t):etc-sint, cost, o> + et cost, sint, 3>

etcost-sint, sint+cost, 3>

=

((t))=et(cost-sint, sint+cost, 33/

=et
Now
arclength
s
=

J,et
=
dt

-[etri]"
M(e*-1)
=
=arclength.
-
15:1 -> A
parametrization of a curve in terms of s

is the same thing as a "unit speed parametrization"

If
you have function
f(x,y) 3y
=

x
+

method 1:

x 1
=
2 3

1 4 7 12
y
=

linear behavior writ

2
7 10 15 y

3 10
For 3 variables, create
13 18
V a table for each constantvalue
of 2

Quadratic behaviour wr

2:
method

tables
colour-coding
-> a for 3D colour code the stack of

Method 3:
-> Join all the points ->
form a contour map

method 4:
-> Introduce a 3rd variable, 2, and z f(x, y)
set
=

will differentplanes
↳ create a 3D contour map
through
 method 3 for 3 variables:

Plot for K. of
f(x,y,z) K or constants each
*
=
one more

thesei s a level surface in IR3

y2 x2y
x
Suppose f(x,y)
=
+ -

f(1,3) =

1 9 + -

3 7
=

Ifwe at (1,3) the

right,
->
start and move small distance son to
a

what can we
expect of DC?
↳ the path is
Along constant.
3
y
=

:.f(x,3) +a 3x2
g(x)
-
=

x =

f
xgYg(l)
..
=
-xx

g((x) 3x2 6xg(1): 3

-
-
=

~.(f -
=
3Dx

-> Now ifthere small is constant I

by,
is a a

↳
f(1,y) 1
yz y h(y)
+
= - =

nicy) 2y-1 hi(3):5

=

f:
5Dy
:.

Now about ifthere both

what the
candy components.
-> is motion in

xf = 3xx 5x 'independent of
changes
-
+ The 2 eachother.
y
+
are
 Notation Definitions:
+

function variable
-> When
f(x,y) is a a
of variables, we
if hold one

constantwhilst a
letting
the others we partial
vary, get
devivative.
↳ for
f(x,y) x +
y2 xy
=
-

3x2
2y -
If
2xy 3
=
-
f =

Os
↓ ↓
Then
pluggin (1,3): 3 5
-

(fx
?!)
=

of
:..f: xx at

cs," y
+

(1,3] by

x3
Now, if
k(x,y) 2xy"
-
=

kx
6x2y4 yx3"
=
-

ky 8sy3
= -

x3(n(x)

ExampLE:let f(x, y, z)=xz-e4+

sin(y)

(a) evaluate f (+1,

1,0)
f(1, 1, 0) M2(0)
=
-e+ sinT = -1

(b) evaluate fic, fy, fz

fx
ycos(xy)
-1
2 2x
Icos(f):
= +
- 0 +

fy ze3 Mcos(M) M.
xcos(xy)
0 =
- -
+ ->
= +
 fz x2
-ye3 72 1
=
=
-

(2) Estimate the value of f(13M12, 0.8,0.3)

xf fxxx
fyxy fzxz
= + +

If xx
Txy (42 1Dz
= - -
+ -

xf
(4/12) x) 0.2) (+12 1)(0.3)
- -
+
= -
-

xf =

-
4/12 4/5 0.372-0.3
+

:f
(134/12,0.8,0.3) 1 M12 4/5
0.3(+12 1)
-
= - + -
+

*** GARAT'S THEREM

equationonathetangentplane?
How to find of

We need point plane

·
a

vectors in
·

need the
tangentplane
We a

↳ take cross productto

find in
-> To find 2 vectors in the plane:
Ex and
by work:
they are
changes in 2
orthogonal
directions.

The
tangent plane is the local linear approximation to
f(xy)
:

pointof the
tangency.
near

fxxx
fyDy
i.e xz =
+

-fewi)-fy(0)
a is (2 -20)
:eg plane
0
+ =

of
 multivariable Chain Rule

Suppose z
3x"-2xy
=

where c:
sin(u)+V
- v
e
=

When u 0,
= v 3, x:3 and -2
y
=
=

2 243
= -

2(a)) 2)
-

7 243 36:279
= +

(4,V):(0,3) introduce
Suppose we
begin at and we a small
change
su while v is held constant. ->
ripple effect caused.

...
Xx axxu
=

2u

And because of DC:

z 22
↓ =

13x
23

=22.G. U)
:2 this is half the answer: also
only is changing
X
...

82.23
2 =
e

2
(??n ya)"
=
so:

-?n
-
I
 Returning to previous example:

22 12x3 and cos(U)

4xy
=
-
2x =

ixy]
23

...
22.6x
2x au
cos(u)
=

[12x3.
"
22 2x2
GI
=
-
and =
e

2y
-
22 -2xe4
=

by
22
cos(u)[12x3 Hxy] axe4
-
..
-
=

24

Now:find 82
&V

22 =12x3 and 1
2x
-4xy 2x

av
=

-2x2
22 and 2y 1
-

= =

2y av
...
22 12x3 4xy
=
- +

2x2
2V

Now, whatare the actual values of Zn, zu (4,V)=(0,3)?"

at

22
=(12(3)3
-

4(3)) -

2))cos(0) -

2(3)2 e
24
(u,) (0,3) =

12.27 24
=
+ -
18

12:27
=

6
+

-> same can be done for 22

aw
(u,V) (0,3)
=
We found (120
zn=
-4xy) cos(n) -
2xe"

Zun=
hz d'z
=

zu zu

zu

- u
y

u v a v

SO:zun
(/36x2-4y)cosa-4xe")
=

cosa (4ccosue"- (12x3 -Yxy)sinn-2xe"

-

d
e"+ us in
Example:let = v

-
e usin
y
=

① When (u,v) 10,42), (y) (1,1)

=

② 2x
UCOS
=
v

av

=e-sinv
24
③ 3 e"+usin 7 2e
=

4
e4-sin V e4 3.5
=

u (n
=

(3.5)
3: Sint
3.5 1n 3.5 +

Sin v = -0.5

In (3.5)
sin"
r=
(s)
④
y
entsint Ucosv
ev-sin" cost

' v"
u W
U

Y, is ay
xyx y xY

Ux(e sinv) voc(4cosv)

+
2x =
+
1
=

Sex

2y ux(eY-sinv) -vec(Ucosv)
=
0
=
(becauses and
y
are independent)
2x

2Uxe"=1 e"-sinV v(ucosV) =

zeu
Use:1/2.

1/2e
Ux: v eY-sinV
=

2e": UCOSV

Dit ()() (2)( 73) (-()(5)

-
- +
=

Directional

↓ (tx, y, fz), 43, -3,2137

=

Derivative nee
of f
If gradient
=

in the
direction
-
Dit if. I
=

It is a rector

Dit
magnitude
is scalar direction
a - depends only on of not
Properties of Dot and If:

① Recall that Dif=vf.r=/r/rfcoso O the

where
angle
is

between 8 and If.

Drf:Irf/cosO ↓
② Dif= (f/cost tells value of Dif
ifit is in the
us

same
the
longest possible
direction of. as

③
Dit =
0 if f 1 I
↳>
This thati f to of the functiono is constant.
you
means more I

Thatmeans
((R2) level surface (IRY).
you are
moving along a level curve or a

Optimization

Given some f:RR2-RR or f:R*-IR, where are the local extrema?

pointof points
greatest(most
->
Because each
at in the direction of

rapid) increase in fo

↳: at local extrema, it is 0 it
or is undefined

Example f(x,y)
1: x+
y2 2x
by 14
=
- - +

(a) Compute of <2x1

-2,2y-6
->

(b) If 0 -
1,y 3
x
= =
=

:(1,3) is a critical point.

Example 2:
9(x,y) x2
y2 2x
by 14
=
- -
- +

(a) Ff
2y2, 6>
-> (2x
- -
-

(b) vf 0
1,y 3
=

x
= =
=
-

:CP =
(1, -

3)

Example h(x,y) x2y2 x4 y3

3: =
-
-

(a) Vf < 2xy2 4x3, 2yx

3y2>
=
- -

(b) if 0
=

axy2 4x -> -
0
=

2yx 3y2
- 0
=

y(2-3
o

2x2- (0,0)
3y 0 CPS
=

or
=

↳
I (3/k,3)
-
4x3 0
=
..x 0
=

(-352,3)
2x(x")
- 4x3
y zx
-

= 0
=

65
=

-
4x =0

4x3(2x2/9 -1) 0
=

x 0
=
or 2x2=9

x
=
=

3/7

y=
3
=
=

= =

for
classifying IPs functions of variables:
2

and Derivative Test:

Form a determinant
of
DIYis at each CD

Return to example 1:

fecc:2
facy: fyy=2.
32 I
0

D 4x0
=

:focs and
fyy so, shape is concave up in all directions. Local min (looks like paraboloid)
 If faces,
both would still be
fyy were 20, I positive.
① :
If D30, then is
CD a local extrema. To determine min/max
look face
at
and
fyy (they will be same
sign)
② direction which function
always
D
If <0, there be the
will one
along
is concave up and another w/ concave down.
↳) This is called a SADDLE POINT

③ Now: K(x,y) + =
=
A
vx
y 1 = cone

10,
:It's a come,
64 and

2
at don'texist.

(0,0) is a CP- local minimum.

ka and don'texist and 2nd derivative test is useless

Kyy
---

↳ else.
something
Use

④ Using example 3:4cc

2y2-12x2
=

: 3oy
/Cs.):[ 3014):(35)(9) -

(36).

36(9
= -

18)
=36/- 9):NEGATIVE:SADDLE
BUT D/10,0 788]:
= 0 F
inconclusive resultm ustlook contour
at plot.
 GlobalExtrema

Extremal values theorem

Suppose f:R-IRor f:R*-IR is continuous on some domain

thatis closed and bounded. Then somewhere in that domain,

attains
->
both a minimum and a maximum value

Find and min values for

f(xy) c4 yY
over the
=

max +

eliptical
regions + y=
The domain is closed and bounded.

Step 1:Local
analysis:i.e Find CDs.

<4x,4y'>
I
vf =

2nd derivative test, D 0.1

using
=

:(x,y) (0,0)
=

HOWEVER, we know that

cc"+y* 20: only way for

x4
y4 0 is
(0,0)::i tis local min
+ at
=

Step 3:If ata min/max the function's

not CP,
global are on

boundary.

:We are subjected to the

boundary + Y:1

↓
Lagrange multipliers:for when
being constrained to a level curve.

We have reached It
a max/min when is perpendicular
to the level curve
g.
is
rg always to
I

go
If
max/min:when xFg
:. =

g= 8
:. =

Lagrange:4x* I and
Mys:I
=

Mys:
4x3 and
*
:

x(72x2 x) - 0
=

x
0,
= x 72x2
=

↓
My 72,y
=

8.

4y3 -qx2 0
=

y(4y2
-

qx2) 0 =

9x2
4y=
0 or
y
=

x =

6..(,0),
= 476,0) ave solutions.
L
 Lagrange w/ a constraints

Geometrically, each constraintdetermines a level surface.

↳ must find intersection bow the 2 curves.

↳ If be
must 1 this.
to

↳ so are
g
and th 12 constraint)
so if:xtg+ uth
↳ for 2 scales 1 and M

hard:
solving this
may
be

Alternative: the intersection and sub

Try parametrize
to curve

into
f(x,y,z)

Integration of Several Variables

Double
integrals ->

integrating over 2 variables.

Consider
f(x,y) 10 c-
y2 over
rectangular domain
-
=

D [ 2,2] [ 1,2] x
=

- -

To find volume below surface, above curve:

the rect,
height
We divide into bits of
region tiny area A. Create a

each
of one to
get
volume
f(cy) DA.

Sum:

22+ (y)
 Then
finallytake A 50 and DN-0
get.
to

I( f(x,y)an

calculate:
Technique
to

0
SSERICA J.?)).ef(ey)dc) dy
to

3 (Fubini's theorem)
order of
integration does matter
not

② Sometimes easier order than

integral is
an
following one another
i.e
1")ce dydx
Jae
-

dx
-(Tie-sie" dec - easier to solve

③ Exploit
symmetry
Example:
(cytes since
dydoc
0
=

↳ function is
symmetric w.r.tec- and function is odd w.r.tcu

function domain
Integrating odd over a
symmetrical
0
=

an

④Separation ofvariables

I"cising dydo ->

only
works ifw hole
thing
is a product.

↳ Jo Jinydy dan=
J"singay jci de
 Integration over
non-rectangular regions
Example:Let D be the
region in the plane between the
cry
curves 12.2 and 20c
y=
=

()Gy-cdA (2,8) (-2,8)

compute: the 2 curves intersectat and

...
for s we have absolute bounds: -
22x2

for have relative bounds:ax =

12-c
y
we
y
Here, order matters!!RELATIVEBOUNDS ON INSIDE!!

Cysymmetry)
:Volume:
Jan
I by -xdydx TYPE
=

I DESCRIPTION

(?)gy
:volume:
as

A
type description is the
thing
2 same w/ a swapped order

looks like this

usually
However, for a shape like this...

..;
&
of description
type

We can use Polar coordinates

-

from
r distance
origin
=

0: of elevation above
angle (l-axis

converting polar -
rectangular: Converting rectangular -> polar

I /x4
x rCOSO
= 0 tan 3
=

r2 x2
y
rsinc
y2 does not
completely
+
=
=

↓ determine O

alsodoesn'tcompletely
this

Now back the above:

going
to
region
Jr
2 =
r 3
=
and I have constantp olar bounds

0 0 = 35/2
=
POLAR
=

RECTANGLE'

to transfer
everything
Now this
integrate city over
region, we must

to polar coords.

x+ rcosO+rsinO
y
=
 .
.

rcoss+rsino) rdd e

4)
Jacobian coordinate transformation!!M u s tinclude.
of

Use separation variables:

of
31/2

I
O
cosorsing an
ar
=[sinO-coso]* [r9/5)
[
=
-1 -
0 -
0 +

1][a 43) -

0
=

AAwhere
Find()
I is the circle of radius centered at(1,0)
↳ (x 1)
2

yz 1
I resorardo:
- + =

↳
foardo x- 2x +

y20 =

y2 2 x

"costo
x2 + =

drdO
↳ 2x r 2 =
-> r2 2rcosR
=

00
:Excepta tt h e origin:
r =2cosD

so

=j.[5o]o.
>
"
...O = r = 2COSR

...
0 = 0=
I which is same as

Isco cost
- do o

>COs0 =

1 +
cos(20)
-
4
=0 = M2

=j)+ (20)
2

cos do sin20=1-cos(20)
2

4/6 [0+sin20/2]'
=

=%6[e] 44/3
=
 Applications &Interpretations ofdouble
integrals
Iff:R2-IR
① is a continuous or over some D, and if we
interpret of as a

f(x,y)
()fGc, interpreted volume.
surface z =
then y)dA can be as a
signed

②
IdA can also be interpreted as the area D
of

③
density f(x,y),
we
If think Das thin laming then
a w/ a
varying mass
of

()f(x,y)dA total
is the mass of the lamina

↳ I
1)f(x,y)an i
()xdA y 1)ydA
= =
=

IS dA

San an
k2, y) is the center of area of D

variation for
weighted average
of
candy coordinates:

5
((x,y)ak
=

and
y ()y0xx,y)dA
=

()o(x,y)dA (0(x,y)dA
(i, y) is the center of mass

Note:there are other

types of densities
(change, population, probability)
:(x,y) will be differentleg. center of
change/population, E()
 Surface Area

surface
f(x,y)
"
as
Area
given pos vectors a z
=

on

① <dx,0,d2) (1,0,2x)dx =

"
②
<0,dy,d2) <0,1,zy> dy
=

Area
parallelogram using
of cross product.
:
(<1,0,2x
dS
<0,1,zy)/dxdy
x

"D
=

=(2x)
+
(zy) + 1
dxdy ......
In

()-(2x) (zy)
=dxdy
s 1
dedy
+

+
=

Example:Find the area of the portion of the surface z =

y2-2x
thatlies the D in the
above
triangle [cy) plane whose

vertices are (-2,0), (0,6) and (6, 0).

1

2x = -
2

zy 2y
.
6 =

=() *
Better to do w/ type
*

butfor this .s
integration 5
#

will
type
we do I
- 2 S
2 - fo
>
y 3x 6
y6 x
-

= + =

-
01x6
L V
22x =
0 0 =
6
y
x
- -
=

=
0 =
3x 6
y
-
..s-I dydes+ Y."gr+ dyd
4y2+ 5 5

...
and stop here, integration too hard

Triple Integrals

11) +
(x, y, z)aV
↑
E 6 combinations of

Enclose volume dec,

dy,
dz

Eg. Suppose we have a metal

rectangular solid
filling the

space 14,-34y=2,
2 = 022=4, with a
charge
-

density p(x,y,z) y
z.
=

x + +

Totapage"(Isaveforand
are

y-sy6yn3, =("(15-302)dn=
.

[15n+15a).

300
=
 Now, to find coords of center of
charge:

50(()(,y,z)
i =

av

↳ and for and

repeat y
z

Triple Integrals over General

Regions
description:
Typical

3
↳min C = max

OR do itin other
ymax(x) 5
=

ymin()
=
y ways
zmin(x,y) (x,y)
=
2 =
2max

Example:Find the the bounded

geometric center of tetrahedron
by
0,z and 2xc+ 2 2
by
0
x=0,
+ =
=

y
=

2
Describe the base:
0 2x
③

= 1

...see
0 = = 1
y
x
-

0 2x
2y
=
2 2
= -
-

>y

L
S
So now the volume is:

jirasasolineagaine
similarly y 114 =
and 2: 12

:Geometric center (114,14,2)

=

Now:Consider
0cc1y
1
the
region E
given by = z =

Describe of
(((f(cy,car could
E 3 sets bounds that
using so

in the
be written as an iterated
integral
order
dedady.

inmina]?
I choose
y Cignore2)

fecy,
0= =
1
y
②
didnt
Next
choose 2 with
y
=
z 1
=

y
③ lastchooses:

0
y
=
 Cylindrical Coordinates

r distance
=
from z-axis
0: rotation around measured from the positive
angle z-axis,
of

x direction

1
cylindrical ->
Rectangular Just as dA= rdrdO,
dV rdrdOdz
=

x rcos O
=

rsinO
y
=

2 2
=

Example:Find the mass of the solid is

that inside
region
center of

the sphere cc+y2 + 2= 4 and above the come

zexity, 2=0.

Assume the
that mass
density
a
(distance from
origin)?

Equation of cone:

radius:E 22 x2 v2
yz
L
sort of =
+ =

=>
I

like ice :2 v
=

cream over
E
of
-
S
cone
Equation sphere:
↑

82 z2 4
+

s 2
22 4 -r2
> =

0 r
=
= z Nrz
=

0 2M
0=
=
:r z = Tr
r =
2 4 -
r2
 P(x,y,z) k(x2 y2 22) k(r2 22)
Theintegrity,
. + + = +

2) raad e

magigint 00 r
razdaar
ffrt- dar
=

ain(Tu-r(r) Yr")
=
-
ar

Where is the cm?

or

Bysqumetes are mostebeo aaxo.55

z

Spherical Coordinates

P:
distance from
origin
->
(radius of sphere)
6 "Polarangle"
=

(from north pole):latitude

longitude.
0: Rotation around vertical axis:

PcOSP rcosO,
y=vsind
z =
=

psin d
:x
psinpcosa
=

r =

y psinsinO
=

p2x y2 z2
= + +
 How to express or in spherical coordinates?
Jacobian determinantin spherical coordinates:
dV p sin
=

dpdGdO

same cone
question as above:

(i) spherical coords:

Region in

0 =
=2
=
0 0 = 27

0 =
0 N4
=

Half
Integrals
Evaluate
① / ycx+cdy+2 dz where is the path oft:<3cost, 3sint, 2th

0= =
t

4
2dz
ydx+cdy
*

(y,x,z).<dx,dy,dz>
=

E w
F
8
dF
crector field in IRP)

Translates to
E. dr
↓
to terms of t
everything
solve this:Express in

↳ 3 sint,
(y,,z)= cost, 2t

dr =
(t) dt 1
=
-
3 sint, 3cost, 23dt.

F. dr=<-qsin2t, 9c0s, 4t> dt

JEd=
so:

C
I*)- asint +9c0st+4t) at

=(49cos(2+) 4t) +

dt (using frig identity) 3272

=

Example 2: Evaluate
/Far where F (x,
=

y,
2) C is
but the

straight from
line path (3,0,0) to
(310,04).

Parametrizing path=<3,0,87+), 0 = t 1 F(t)

=
the =

E <0,3,84+ >
=

dr c0,0,84 > dt.

=

F.dr 20,0,6442dt
=

so:
(64'dt= 3242 SAME
AS BEFORE!!

⑧
 Fundamental theorem of line
Integrals

Suppose F is the conservative vector field (means thatE vf) =

where I is a scalar function, called the potential function for E)

and letc be a path from p to 0. Then

I F.dr f(a) (P)

=
-

Important
consequences:
①
IfF is a conservative vector field, then F is path-independent
(Depends on start end point,
-
not on the that joins them)
path

If F
& is conservative and C is a (ends where
closed path started)
it

I
then F.dr 0 =

if I conservative?
BUT, how can is AND How do
you tell you
find a
potential function for it? Whatabout I
if isn't conservative?

Simple test for conservative vector fields in IR2:

E <P(x,y), 0(x,y) >
suppose =
is conservative
w/F Ff. =

Then fsc: P,
fy a =

Then
Py: (fedx Qx (fx)
=
=
x

So if Qx F Py, then F CP, Q) cannot be conservative.

=

If Qx: Bythen itis conservative, provided a few extra conditions.

Example:LetF <x3, eY/2-3y> and leta be from
=

the path

I
(1) (11-13 along a Find Edi
quartercircle.
to

method:Brute Force

Parametrize thepath:<Esint, Ecost), M141-19414

Along F <Esintercost, .2sint.eEcost-3Ecost>

=

and dr r(t)dt (Ecost,

= =
-

Esint>d+
E. di=(2 sintcoste Ecost
-
sinte
cost
+ Gsintcostdt
↳ from 44 3414
integrate to

method 2:Is E conservative?

Is Qx Py?
= - P xe3
=

a exe 3y
=
-

Py xe3 Qx 23
=

x
=

"
SAME!. We suspect F is conservative

Far is independent
path Using LTFI
-

Y (1, 1)
-

c x1,
=
-

2t 1
+

>

Then, C, F Yel*, el**-3+6t

along
=

dr v'd t
=

(0,
= -

27dt

(F.d ((-
2+
ei 6-12t)
at
= +

to solve e
⑧
much simpler
integral
method 3:Can we find a potential function?

Trying to find Vf=(xce3,

c-3y> -

Jcced ce C(y) potentially finding

= + -

f(x,y)

y:Yzce3+cy)
Differentiate w.r.t

:((y) 3y
=
-

C(y) =
y2 (adding constantto the end
necessary)
=

a isn't

.f(x,y) Ixe3 Ey
= -

Now, with
a
potential function, FTL
says (F.dt =f(1,-1) -f(1,1)
=(Ye -

e/2)
Technicalities for conservative field:

If
① Qx+pythen E <P, Q)
=

is not conservative
② If
Qx =
Pyand Qx &Py are both defined and continuous in a

simply-connected domain, (no holes) then E is conservative in that domain

↳
Eg vortexrector field:E -y/(x yz),"/x
y)) >
< = + +

ax 4 =(yz x)/xz -
① yz)
-

only when
(x,y) F(0,0) because (0,0) undefined
= -
-
at

②
Edo to where is circle
unit

BOT:8Fdro for
every path notaround
origin.
 What is the
integral
of
F.dt for a closed path
(surrounding
the

origin?
First, let
C be the standard unitcircle the
around
origin.
(t)
↓

<
=

cost, sint>
Then C, F (-sint, cost sint, cost
along
=
3 <-
=

costtsin't cost sin't

&F r dt =
<
=
-sint, cost >

so yatsinetcat
C

second, let be any

other closed thatencloses
path (0,0) and
is traversed (CW.

GFdrich.
FACT: Why?:

Green's theorem

Example:letE <- 5y = +
cos
(2"), -2x e3>
+

and leta be the ellipse

I
Fdt
aI +
= oriented (CW. Find

E
Is
① conservative? Qx=-2, 4y=-5
They equal
-
aren't
... notconservative.

&
Parametrize the path:(t):<3cost, 4sint>, 25
0C+=

Express
③ I and do in terms ti
of

F <-
=

20sint+cos(23cost), -6cost* elbsint

ar <-3sint, 4cost> dt
=

I E.d*=Yosin't-3sintcos(2"cost)-24cos't+4coste
16sint
(dt
TO
CALCULATE
IMPOSSIBLE
Green's theorem:For vector field E <P, 0), whether conservative
any
=

not, if I
or is differentiable in a domain D bounded
by a

closed curve C, then

IF.dr ()(ax a)dA

=
-

I conservative:Qx-By
=))oah.
NOTE:If is 0
=

to the problem:
Returning
&x =-2, 5.
Dy
= -

so Qx-Py=3.
by Green's theorem
gE.dr=()3aA 3x Area of clipse
: =

Area of clipse M.
= Horizontal radius. Vertical radius.

..Fdr=3 124 364 = -

2:LetF
Example <y2- sy,c+ 2cy>.
=

Let C be the
square wi
vertices at (0,0), (1, 0), (1,1), (0.1),traversed cow. Calculate

Fdr
I) (ax-*y)aA
both and and
verify they're equal
C

method 1:

Along right edge:F(t) =<1,t>,

① 02t=1

dr (0,13dt
=
F (t2 3t,1
+
=
-
+
2t >

I(1+2Hdt 2
=

1/2 8 left 4 0
②
Along top edge method:
edge: Bottomedge:
0
same
:Conclude:
(F.dt
2 '12
= +
0 0 2.5-
+ +
=

method 2:
Qx 2x = +

2y
py 2y
=

-3x

...

using "greens"ver:!!saday: 1 [5*]' dy

=15kdy ( 5x42]'
=

2.5.
-

Flux ↑
through a curve

↑Y F
Flux (flow) through

~
of C

% F ds
=

f(F.)normal
=

rector

I <dx,
↓ 1 dy >:dr Fds
=

Ids
<dy,-dx
=
7

>
Example:Consider the
rectangle my vertices at(0,0), (2,0), (2,3), (0.3)
(CW and vector field
with its
boundary oriented let's consider a

F x +e3,y+sinces. Calculate the flow of F

through the
=

boundary.
23
3 L
(21):5 <t,0) =
027 = 2

dr 2 =

,0 > dt
v
a
~22 rids=<0,-1> dt
F<+
=
2
+

1, sint >

IF f2-sintdt= cos(2)
nds= -
7
! >

CI

(2):F < 2,t) 0 =t 3

=
(23):5 <2- t,3> 0xt =
2
=
=

ar (0,13 dt
=

dr < = -
1,0> dt

rids:<1,0> dt ads 10,13dt.=

F: <4 +

e,t sin(z)> +

E ((2 t) 23,27 sin(2-1) >

=

-
2 +
+

/Finds:14tctat= 11+
↓E. ds 55-cos(2)
=

(4)) Fnds=1 - e Now

I F.dr=6(2)
f1 +
11t 55-cos)
+

Green's theorem:
Using
We said that
ids=<dy,-d
E. rds
Pdy-Odx
< - Q,4>.
<dx,dy>
=
=

mem
a

:Fluxof F C:circulation of a
through around (

1)C4x+an)
:. Flux =

an
 this:F <ete, yet since
Using >
=

Px 2x, Gy 3y2
=
=

32

e
(((2x 3y2)dedy 66.
+
=

00

Divergence of a curve

(4+/2x,2
-f
+/2y,24/02>
=

~
y
2 2 2e divergence
>
-

X. F v.(D,a,R) of I
= =
+ +

In R2 -> v.F 4x ky
=
+

E.nas=()(v. E) an
...

Now whatis vxF?- ,y,2> *

[4, Q, R

=cRy-Q2, P2-Rx, Q-Py> curl of E -

I
is a rector field thatpoints
curl
orthogonal to the plane ofrotation
of E

↑(*xF) 0
=

and xx (rf): 8
Because IR to it
curl(gradf):8, we can test a vector field in see if is

conservative'in conservative fields, Ferf..curlF:8

 conservative vector Fields in RB
·
If curl >
FI, F is not conservative
8 F differentiable in
If curl F and is a
simply-connected
· =

domain, then I is conservative in thatdomain.

Example:Let F
<2y3+ es,Gy+12y+ ze2,zayze- 12
=

① Ry -az
2x Zeige-Kaze"2(z)
=
+
=
0

Curl F C0,0,0>
=

-Haven't will
worked b ut
these out
they be
verify *

Because F 8 and itis differentiable I conservative.

curl
everywher, is
=

Find D(z) - 122

->
potential: xy x32-(y,z)
=

a +
-
y

f xy,2)
4y3 D(z)
+
=

bay* 12y2
+ + 22322 W

2yez 2xyz...
-

byte2 Cy +

match D2 = -12

:.cy 12y2
=

:.f
2xy'+ce"" 4y3-122
=
Let (be
->

F(t):<cost, 3sint, 4cost-sint> 0 += 54

compote
FdE
By (F.dr f(a) f(x)
FDL: =
-

f(1,0,4) -
=
47

f( -

1,0, -

4) 47
=

..(F.dt: 94

Parametric surfaces

We can think oa
f param, surface as a function 5:1R -> R3

f(u,v) =

xx(u,),y(u,v), z(u,v)>

Fu: u,
ye, zu)
Fv
(x,yv,zv)
=

FuxFr is normal to S -...n rix- =

1 of 2 normal vectors

d5 (r<ir) dudr
=
- area
parallelogram (uxFrl
of

dS= 1/ Fux lldudv e normal rector

so

Itas:)) feccuu, y curry, 2mir)

Iuxirland) (raxra) dud
 ·men
V1

-V

-Y

param space
i L

Ex:The circle radius centered

(310) the is
of 1, at in
ccy-plane
rotated around the torus in RRP
y-axis tracing
a

(a) Find a parametrization ofthe surface

Each point(a,b) circle, when rotated around the
y-axis
·
on the

traces a circle (acosu, b, asinu) 024227.

(a,b)
·
Each pointon the
original circle has the form (3+cosv, sinc)*OLVE2M.
F(u,v) ((3 cosv)(cosu), sinv, (3+cosv] sinus
=> =
+

(b) Set for the surface

and
up
simplify an
integral area.

surface
1)
Iruxvduar:(/ds
area A=

E
Fu c-sinu =

(3+c0sv), 0,cosu(3+cosV):(3+cosv)<-sinu, 0,cosu>

Fr <- sinvcosu, cosv,-sinusinu>
=

inn cos
k
--(5 cos) osucosv, sin, sinucosv>
I
=(3+
Fux 10S) +

sinvcosu (osv -sinvsinu

 Irix1= (3 c0SU) coscos'
+ + sinusinucosv

=(3 cosv) cor(cosn'tsinzu)+sin(u)

+

c)(3+cosvquar=(Ebutucos]=IYotatcos
= 3+ cOS v

sn
=

var
0

=[6H +

2Msinv]**:1272
(C) Find the total flux the v-field F
of c0, os
through the towns.
=

y,

Flux=(/F.rds=1) F.ds

Fuxir=-(3+cosv) < cosucosv, sinv,sinucosv>

Check 14,0,0);
at u v 0
=
=

Fuxit =-41,0,0) e
points into donut.
E
c0,y,0) c0,sinv, 0 >
= =

F.
(onx ri) 0+sinv(-(3+ cos) sinv)=-(3+cosv] sine
=

Fux=
-Y(*
(3+cosv) Sincrdudr
 Stoke's Theorem

Let surface
s be an open bounded
by a closed curve C
↳ compatibly oriented

si Eg. sphere boundary

doesn't
have a

curve because it open.

isn't

↑
of S
boundary
C:

Gotdi=()(crrlE)-d's
-
~
Let I be a vector field. Then

Notes: ~> "compatible"

orientation return to this.
some imp technicalities
I
regarding we will
-

② Green's theorem (which only applies in RR2) is a

special case

of Stoke's theorem

Example:LetF x- 2,x2,
=

cy) and let s be the portion of

c+y 22 9 lies
that above z 2
+
=
=

E and I conservative
a)Find curl of
verify that is not

b)Find Ido where C 25 oriented cow when viewed from above.

=
ascorres
-

he was ag):so,-y-1,
(x -

x,
-

1 -

us.
y,x
-

Iis
x 1)
+

conservative
not

b)3 options:
(i) parametrize the curve in terms of somet, and then express everything
in terms of to

(ii) Instead,
rives
use stoke's theorem and

parametrication of S
replace
(o F dr with
()(urI(E) a5
reg
a

(iii) Use
curve.
Stoke's theorem w/ a diff surface thathas the same
boundary
(i) F(t) <
=

55 cost, 15sint, 27

0 = 27
t =

dr=L-15 sint, 15 cost, 0>

E <15cost-2,
=

215 cost, 5sintcost-

E.dr = -
5 sintcost+ 215sint+10cost
..

Edr=8
C
(-5sintcost+255sint+10cost) dt

(ii) PF-dr
1) crrICF). d5
=

is
Every pointon S
given by: (:rcoso,
yeusino, 2=9-r
115, 02 020227

Find Er, ro, then

d5=(Frxro)drdO
express curl in terms r, 0
of

then Find
(curlF.ds.
(iii) Replaces the flat disk
with at 2 2. =
Note 2D C =

Fdr=(curIF.dS J/GurIE. n) dS
So: =

n 0,0,1
=

>
D

CUrIE.n 0,
-y-1,2).(0,0,k
= 2
=

M(55)2 104.
2))
CI)
so()2as (Area
=
ds 2 =

of 2
= =

does
What it
mean to be oriented?
compatibly
IR3, a choices of surface.
orienting
-> given a surface in there are the

(i.e 2 directions for normal vector to point)

-> Once an orientation has been chosen for 5. Stokes' theorem

requires that the

boundary curve IS is
compatibly oriented.

~
1
& must
go
caw
looking
n.
down on

V S from chosen
S -

-I
25
around the the surface left.
:Walking boundary, is on
your

Fat=(curlFds ifthere is compatible orientation

Example:Let F(n,v)=<2-2n-21, 3-34+ 3v,8u>

with
OCU, V=1

a)Calculate Ar
=

(0,0), B v (1,0),
= c F(1,1),
=
D F(0,1)
=

A (2,3,0)
=

B(0,0,8)
=

c( 2,3,8)
=
-

D (0,6,0)
=

6)sketch the surface and find a normal rector in so that the

orientation of S is compatible w/ the A

path - B- c- D - A

· I
...needsto be pointing

AB
>

n =
x AD Note that AB:i and AD Fr=

( 2, 3,8) 2,310) 12)

= x 2 24, -16,
- - x - =
- -
 surfaces w/ 2 Boundaries
+

Consider funnel

#"
and C2
boundary curves,
2 C

will need in
to point
diff directions for both

i.e from the

looking bottom:

L
↑

They
are oriented
differently
~
7

:Only
2 is compatible:
Far:((curFd5-11/crIE as

↳ Assuming S is oriented outwards

 Divergence Theorem

If S is a closed surface in IRP

(noboundary), andE is the
IRY insides, I vector field with
region
enclosed of and is a

continuous partial derivatives in E, then:

-Fas:// (air E) ar

↓
F
Flux of
through s

Recall similar formula in IR2:

I (F.5)ds= 1/ (airE) A

Example:Let s
sphere ofradius 3 centered at origin,
be a and let
F
xy y 52). Calculate the flux of E
+
e,3x+e2,x
throughs.
= -
+

method 1:Parametrize S:

~ (u,v) <3 sinucosv, 3sinusinv, 3cosu>

=
OCU=T
0? V=24

ds: lrixri/drdr: 9sinududr, n="Y, d5= 3sinuc, y, dudv

BAD METHOD!

Method 2: theorem
Divergence
so:(Ea=()(5ar
divF
5/5+(33))
5
=
= 1804
:
 F
Example 2:Find the flux
of
=<yt, z-sy,cy+y223
through the cube whose vertices are
(11, 11, I1)

method 1:Explicitsurface
integration parametrize each of the
->

faces
6 as surface
integrals and add them up.

↳ Find for each face - then do

JF.ds
S

this:Total flux -4-4 413 +4 +4 413 813

Doing
+
+
= =

method
Divergence
2: theorem:

div F
2xy 3y
=
+

(symmetry)

so:(Eas:(/zcy-synasayaz 3)yaynawan
I
0
=

-
1--

3x2x2 228/3
=

variations in the DT:

In its natural state, DT works for closed surfaces and
only
->
a

I is differentiable E
a vector field that
throughout region
enclosedby S. In thatsituation from Ejas: (f)
(dive in
Example:Lets be the hemisphere x +y2 2 16,220. + =

LetF x x - z2,z2 F
y 2xy, 32 52. Find flux of through s
= +
- +

Let's radius
close off the hemisphere
by attaching disk a of 4 to

the bottom. Now the dir. theorem

says:
=
(airE) ar
I +)) as=1))
=.a5

div E 2x
① =
-

2x 3 +

3
=

11/3av = xr3(3) 24(4) 1284-

=
=
=

② = 0,0.-17
..En = -

32 -

5
=
2
0,
=
E -
= 5

Ends
/F. 1) -5)
d5 = =
as - -

5()(*)
-

804.

I
③ F.ds-8ot:1284

1)F.d5= 2084.
 w/2 surfaces:
Regions boundary
~

1) as-1)F as:(/(airE)an
E
x Then: *
↓

- S2

Or: A

(F.as-1pF.a5:11) (airE)ar
F
Y
Then:
I -

1. Si
S2

Example:LetF i,
=

where r =

<e,y,z, E,
and =
(inverse square field)
div F = ?

E
e2yzzy"
=

so PF.d5 kods =

(n)
=
 divE 0,
Since

I
=

any corve around the

origin with that
has the same fluxthrough it.

Review of Calc 3

4Themes:

Geometric in IR2 and IR3

① objects

I
1R2 IR3
->
points ->
points
-> vectors -> vectors

->
curves, paths
->
curves, paths
-> 2D
regions
-> surfaces
Ispheres, planes ...)
-> 3D
regions (balls,
inside of closed
surface)
4 to describe
ways
a curve

① function
y f(x)
Give of -
y as x
=

vector:<1,f(x) )
Tangent and <-1, f((x) >

Infitesimal elementds
length (f'()) 2
=

1 +

r
② Give cooves functions of a
parameter + -

xx(t),y(t),2(+) >
=

as

vi"Yangentect?" 1)r'l
'(t)1)
Infitesimal
lengthelement: at

Infitesimal vector displacement:dr=r(t) dt

③ As a contour (In 1R3) ->
f(xxy) K =

Normal vector a
at point: (vf)/point.
④Intersection a surfaces each described
equation
constraint
by
of -> a

F and
* a are both normal to the curve

vFxG
:tangent
=

describe
to
region IR2:
4

ways a in

①
Type description:
I

inaxe ar=dyden

& I description:
Type
yuin Y ymax
=

dA=dxdy
cmin(y) = =
xmax(y)
③ Polar description:
Omin = Omax
0 =
dA rdrdO
=

Umin(0) =
r =
rmax (0)

④ variables:
Change of

x(u,v), y y(u,V)
x=

ar=/!
=

Umin = U I Umax
and

Umin= V = Vmax
 3 to describe surfaces in IR3:
ways
① function of
Give a and t z
f(x,y)
=

y
2 as

<1,0,
I tangent
8 x
=
vectors

Ty <0,1,24/227
=

xr normal vector.
=

Infinitesmal surface element

Iraxry/dedy: (i)()+1 dedy
=
area

d5 (rx
vy)didy
=

& between
constant
F(x,y,z) surface)
Give K
a cc,
y
and z =

(level
normal vector F -

③ Give ,
yandz all as functions of u and v

rux it is normal (since both are

tangents)
1 rxr/dudv
dS=
d5 (rx r=)dudv
=

know how to do all 3 for plane, sphere, elipsoid, paraboloid.

4 to describe in IR3:
ways region
a

& As the inside of a closed surface

② Rectangular coords

③
cylindrical coordinates dV=
rdrdOdz
->

④ spherical coordinates -> dV= psinddpd4 dO

 Different
types of functions and the associated derivatives

① f:R R2 v(t)
(x(t),y(t)
- >
=
=

>

derivatives:v(t) r'(t) =

(t) v(t) =
"(t)
=

· =

8 f: (Rt1R3 v(t)
x(t),y(t),z(t)
=> =

derivatives:v'(t). "(t)

③ f: 12 > 1 3
f(x,y)
=
-

devivatives:fu, Put=if. I
fy, f:
(fx,fy),
↳ f:1R - RR
f(x,y,z)
=

:R2- IRP derivatives:Fu, Fr

parametric surface tangent
to s.
 If Qx-Dy 0
=
- conservative
curl
(vf):o' for
any
vector field

div (urIE) 0 =

Types Integrals
9 of

When
you
have
Integral Uses and special cases

volume" between
GAA" f(x,y)
f: 1R*-> IR
defined in
signed 2 =

domain
2D D and the above D
c-y plane
·If f(x,y) 1, then dA= area
(D)
=

·If
f(x,y) is density then
a

IfK,yIdA is total mass

defined
7:13-IR
density
()f(,y,z)dV
is a
in If
f(x,y,z)
·

3D
region
E then
integrating: total mass

If f(x,
y, 2) integral is volume
·

of

region
f.R2- IR
along
a curve
of a ribbon that

↓
of (x,y)dS The area

C in 1R2 and its

lies edge
on C top

surface
f(x,y)
is the z =

I: IR2
↓Far F
-> 1R2 or dr circulation of F around C

F
If is conservative FTL/
->

If C is closed => Green's theorem

F:1R
ICE.m)ds Flux of F
2 2
R
through
-> C.

If C is closed curve -

Divergence
theorem

IE.d
E:1R3 -> 1R3 Stoke's theorem

defined
f(x,y,z)
If(x,
over
as
y, 2)
a surfaces in 34

Fluxo fI
E(cyc)defined over/F.as E e
through
or s

IfI is closed -> can USC

theorem.
divergence