Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-
center: -
2,3,-1
planes z 3 spheres x+ +z2 4x by 2z 6
= - =
y
+
+
-
radius:8
Vectors
same
magnitude h as
o no magnitude
equal position doesn'tm atter zero vector
same position I has no direction
vector between two points ICE AB=<x2-x., ye-y.,zz-z.3 position vector Da, b, c .Ca -0,b -
0,c -
oc
Vector Operations
a
subtraction - 5 (x,,y,,z.)
= -
(Xz,yz,zz) (X,
= -
Unit
Vectors
magnitude Ca, b, c a
=
+ b c + unit vectors =1 if
I
1 -1,0,0
=
6 0, 1,0
=
> k <0,0,k
=
DotProduct
. <u.,4z,uz).V., V2, Va
=
u,v,+uevetusve
=
result
the is a scalar geometrically . =
cosG
DotP roductProperties
5. + 5 4.x
=
acute
angles positive 5 F cosO 5 =
F
perpendicular vectors
in cost 0
=
O cos
=
-
1
* parallel vectors
Orthogonal
obtuse angles negative 5 F cosM = -
5 F - E.T 0
=
Projection
prosec"
T
a
T
project
-
If vec tor
the projection of a onto how much a lies
of in direction o f
the project a-proj t
-
-
proje
T proj =
scalate-I* the
=
magnitude the
of
projection and distance
the t h point
e
f ro m a to the
plane with
I
in it
Work
work:F.W t hprojection
e =
the
of force into the
direction of displacement
Cross Product
=
determined righthand
by the rule
magnitude direction
=
x = cave-now,-uvs-new, uva-uvs sink
a and I
or
thogonal to
Cross ProductProperties
ix
= = - xπ cu xd cd =
x parallelogram:FQxFR
parallel it
if x
then 8
=
area points
given the P, G, R
x +w 4x+4 x5
=
triangle: PQx*R
measures the
tendency of an
objectto rotate
naie* F= rxE magnitude I sind
=
max torque O E
=
Magnetic Force
F qx B
=
q charge
=
I velocity
=
B magnetic
=
field
F t xxt,yt,z
=
+ x x =
y y z
+ =
t
zt
=
Lines
P F
a line
passing through direction
i n the
x, y, z X CV, v2, V3
=
=
+cx tv,y tvz,z trx)
+ + +
Vector Derivatives
tangentvector Fiti s a
tangent vector at
thpoint
e
corresponding to I t
F t xxt,yt,zt c r
=
t xxt,y't,zt
=
unit
tangentvector Ft =
Vector Antiderivatives
r t xx
=
+,y+,z (r
+
+ sx dt,/y dt,/z
=
+
+
dt)
+
Motion
position r t <
=
xt,yt,z t c
velocity t <x't,y't,z't
=
acceleration a t (x" t,y"t,z" t
=
speed it =
x + 2 y' +
+ +
z' +
2
arc
length? Itd t distance + dt P<x' +,y't,z'
=
dt
+
Circular Motion
Planes
ways to make a
plane 3 distinctpoints on
not a line or I pointo n theplane and a normal vector
nyz
+ -
z 0
=
Comparing Planes
L L L L L
elliptic elliptic hyperboloid of hyperboloid of hyperbolic
L
ellipsoid two sheets paraboloid
paraboloid come one sheet
?? 3 =
-
22 3 2 =
+ + z Y? 3
=
+
+
x 3 22
+ -
1
= / -2 3 - +
2=1 z ?? 3
=
-
Traces
setof
the points where surface intersects plane parallel coordinate
a a to a plane
xy trace z k
=
xz trace y k
=
yz trace x =
k level curves curves where fx,y = k
xy trace
Surfaces as Functions 2
with Variables
=fxx o f f for
concavity x
=fxy how much
changes
a
y
with
=fyy o f f for
concavity y =fyx how much y changes with a
Chain Rule
=stat.
f z xt,y t
given x, y,
=
given
f z
=
x, y, x s, t, y s,t 82 4.x+.=
ImplicitDifferentiation
given z f
=
x, y 8= 82 -
=
Fs
Fz
Gradients
f
given fx,y
the direction t he steepests lope ata point
points in of
orthogonal <fx,fy
=
I direction
=
steepestascent
of -
I direction
=
steepestdescent
of
<-fy,
-
f
fx
or
<ti,f* direction
=
no
of
change
Directional Derivative
derivative
the of f x,y atN o,
yo in direction
the of E ca,b) =
Duf cfxx ,y, ,
=
TangentPlane
x, at x x0
-
xo,
- +
local min at a, b Da, b > 0 and fxx a, b > 0 saddle pointa ta , b Da, b c O
fxy
local max a,
at b Da, b > 0 and fxx a, b < 0 inconclusive ata , b Da, b 0
=
Absolute Extrema
closed a
set of
set points that contains all of its boundary points if f is continuous on a closed, bounded set,
f attains an absolute min and max on set
the
bounded set a set of points contained within a
bigger finite disk
Rectangular Domains
Lagrange Multipliers
I find gradiento f
the f x, y, z I use
system
the of equations with
g and "f
either 7g
=
or if =
g to find x, y, z, x
function of
I find gradiento f
the constrained
the
g x, y, z C
=
4 evaluate at all combinations of points and compare values
you
If divide by a variable while solving for combinations, you must
justify thatt hvariable
e be
cannot zero
equal to
Critical Points
fy 0
=
or fx
either or by does e xist
not
Local Extrema
Approximations
f x0,yo
fx,y (x,y =
linear approximation (x, y fxx0,y0x
=
-
x0 fy40,y0y -y0
+ +
xyfxyx0,y
+
?fyyx0,y0
+
Differentials
Comparing Integrals
?dx length
=
double
IdA= area
IJdV volume
=
Ifx,y dA=volume
(If x, y, zd V mas
=
Properties Double
of Integral
I + x,y
gx,ydA
+ =
Fubini's theorem
D:a =
x b
=
g,x y gx
= =
() + x, dV
y, z (If
=
x, y, zdzdA
2D 3D h, zy h,x,z (S + dV
If dydA
=
x, z x, y, z
=
x, y, z
Dih,y =
y hyczy d(fx,ydA
= = =
as f x,y d
dy
9, y, z =
x =
G = y,z () + x, dV
y, z
(+
=
x, y, z dxdA
-----
!
y
r,0 =
x,y
(fx,ydA lfrcost, rsinE
r
X rcos
=
y=rsinG r x =
xyz
=
rardO
⑦
z
,
- - -
i
Ifx, y, d V S)f
__**
r, 0, z
=
x, y, z
X= rcos& y=rsinG z zr=
x
=
y)
+
z
=
rcocG, rsinG, z rdzdrdO
-on
x JsOcocO
=
y=fsinsing
1,0,0 x, y, z
If Isin dldOdO
=
dV
())+exindcost, IsinsinG, fcoD
=
x, y, z
z fc010
=
1 x y2 z2
=
+ +
Average Values
f** me fx,
dV y, z
ID average of f x,y R 3D average density 1 x, y, z
= = = =
over
I!dV
Change of Variables
-
=
3D T:x
u,v,w,yu,v,w,zu,v,w (1) + x,y,zdV
())
=
fxu,v,w,yu,v,w,zu,v,w5 dududw
many inputs
vector functions of one variable r t cx
=
t,yt,z actb
+
one output
Types Curves
of
Types Regions
of
a
simply connected
region is one where
every simply closed curve encloses points only in
region
the not
simply connected
or in or
=
Conservative Vector Fields
ID If Ex , y is conservative, thenF YP =
=
<0x, Py>
I can be written as the
gradient of a
potential function o
3D If F x, y, z
is conservative, F P=<0x, y, Ozh
then =
Finding Potential
the Function in ID
E 0 (F.,Fz x0,,02
= =
=
18x,y (0,dx Cy = +
28 82
=
-
48x,y0x,y (0,dx
=
(42dy
+
k
+
Finding Potential
the Function in 3D
28 =
82 -
(42dy
+
cz
+
E 0 F.,Fz,Fz) <0.,02,0,
48 =0, d&x,y,z 50x,y,z (0,dx (4dy (a-dz
= = =
- =
+ +
k
+
Curl
3D curIF xF =
cc
=
0F_oE, -, -8
=
2D Fx,y 2F, x,y,F,x,y,0
=
- xF x0,0,82 8
= -
XF
curl represents a point i c e measure rotation,
of and the direction is parallel t h e axis
to rotation
of
& -
Divergence
divE = .F <
=
x0y'z .F.,Fz,Fx a 3 + =
+
1- I- -Eco
&
~
. F
m e a s u re s local
the flux out of a point Eco E 0
=
-. -x
xE 0 FD -xF .F -.p x0x,dy10=.0x,0y,8z) 0x
-
if 0
conservative
0yy 0zz
=
nonsense
=
=
then =
= = =
x
+
+
z
f(x,y)
=
if f is defined on a smooth curve C, line
the integral off over C is
Ifx, y, ds
C
ds =
+
d t- (+x,y,zds Ifx
=
+
,yt,zt dt
t
Yfr
=
v' dt
+ t
Piecewise Smooth
Line Integrals
22
Ifa c,c,x, (f(x,y,z)ds (f(x,y,z)ds (f(x,y,z)ds (f(x,y,z)ds f(x,y,z)d
C2
comprised and ay + +
of
+
is
=
C3
C
Comments On Line Integrals
x, i s the
z a wire
per unit
F Fover
If is a continuous vector fuld defined on a
piecewise smooth curve, C,
defined by tactib line
the integral of
C=S F.F ds
Circulation
*
E
If Fic a continuous vector field of a fluid and C is a closed curve
tangentvector
the field line integral
C
w
circulation
the F on
of C is netflow
the
along curve.
the
SFdI
Flux
I'
- If Fic a continuous vector field of a fluid and C is a closed curve
w
E
flux
the is how much E
of
goes across
G
C: F.ds =
F.-F@* dt
GF,dy- Fdx
=
C be
let curve ita b
given by
a smooth
piecewise
for any conservative vector fuld F 0.
=
SEdr=Sb.dF=Orb Dra
Let f be a multivariable function whose gradienti s continuous
Path
Independence
F
If is a continuous vector field with
domain D, the line integral of E is independento fpath
if
IEdS Eade for two curves on D, the
with same endpoints
any
EquivalentStatements
assuming
I is continuous on an
open connected
region, D, following
the statements are
equivalent.
F F Ep FJ SF dr GF.dr 0
-
is conservative =
x
=
is independent of path =
for all closed curves on D
Positive
Orientation
,
a
C
If encloses a
region, D, then D is the
to leftof C as
you traverse it
Green's Theorem
2D curl circulation
circulation
D be the
Let bounded by C
region
flux form ((+) dA G(F.n) as
=
F. (x, y) containing D
If and Ex,y) have continuous partial derivatives on an open region
flux
divergence
Ci
x
SS - dA =???- dA+??-dA =
F.ar+ F. dr
o
Area Using Circulation Form
options F x0,x
=
or Fx
=
-
y,0) or F Ix=
-
y,x)
Area D
CdA
=
i f - **=1 then
IF.d== I -dA=1 I dA= a re a
Parametric Surfaces
xu,v,yu,v,zu,v
n,z
+ -
z 0
=
of and Iare vectors
tangent the
to surface, so i EuxEr given Eu, v
=
S:E4, x
=
average value f
of x, y, z
ove r surface,S
the
(, +
=
d,S:
x, y, z
IdS If
=
=
nv EuxErdA: SS FuxEr dA
in
general, sur face
the integral of a continuous vector field F over an oriented surface,S' with normal vector
au n i t i is fluxof
the F across S
: En,v flux
IE. IF.d=SIE EuxEr
E
< x
u,v,yu,v, z u ,v dS n .v. dA
=
=
=
Surface Orientation
I
+
/ - I
m
=
=
positive orientation
the for a closed surface
boundary of a solid
region
V is one
the outward
with
pointing i
Stokes' The
orem
S:Eu,v cxu,v,yu,v,zu,v =
t,yt,z
+
b
ca=t =
??Fods=FaSE
If two surfaces, I, and ,S', same
share the boundary curve, C, andhave same
the orientation . e
V be
let a simple solid region and let iS' be the
boundary surface of V, which has positive orientation
letI
SS T.F
aV=SE.dsH u x
be vector field whose components have continuous partial derivatives v
open region containing
a on an