NAVIGATION SYSTEM

BY
V.POOVENDHAN
23MS03
INTRODUCTION
• An automotive navigation system is part of the automobile
controls or a third party add-on used to find direction in an
automobile. It typically uses a GPS(global positioning
systems)satellite navigation device to get its position data which
is then correlated to a position on a road.
• Automotive navigation systems are crucial for the development
of self-driving cars.
• It also enhances the driving experience, improving efficiency
and providing safety features.
 COMPONENTS OF AUTOMOTIVE
NAVIGATION SYTEMS
1.Satellite Navigation: Systems like GPS or GLONASS are commonly used for locating the
vehicle. The system gets its position data from these satellites, which is then correlated to a
position on a road.
2.Dead Reckoning: This involves using distance data from sensors attached to the drivetrain, an
accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnetometer. This can be used for greater reliability, as GNSS
signal loss and/or multipath can occur due to urban canyons or tunnels.
3.Traffic Message Channel (TMC) Technology: This technology delivers encoded traffic and travel
information to FM radio broadcasts with the help of Radio Data System (RDS). It gathers all traffic
information from police stations, cameras, traffic control centers, roadwork reports, etc.
4.Cloud Connectivity: Modern onboard navigation is a complex system integrated with other
vehicle systems acquiring more features of a smartphone. Connected to the cloud, an in-vehicle
navigation system has both online and offline location search, 3D HD maps, voice assistance, OTA
map updates, real-time traffic information, and POI search which allows optimizing guidance and
the driving experience.
INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM
• An Inertial Navigation System (INS) is an electronic system that uses a variety of environmental
sensors to detect and measure the change in motion of an object. It’s a self-contained
navigation technique in which measurements provided by accelerometers and gyroscopes are
used to track the position and orientation of an object relative to a known starting point,
orientation, and velocity.
• Inertial sensors used in an INS include accelerometers and gyroscopes. Accelerometers
measure changes in linear velocity, while gyroscopes measure rotational velocity. These
sensors are typically mounted orthogonally, meaning the axis of each sensor is at 90° to the
others.
• An INS can determine the position of the vehicle or object relative to its starting point – this is
known as dead-reckoning. It can detect a change in its geographic position, a change in its
velocity (speed and direction of movement), and a change in its orientation (rotation about an
axis).
 SENSOR INTEGRATION AND ROBUST
NAVIGATION
1.Multi-Sensor Integration: Accurate navigation systems are of great importance in intelligent
transportation systems and modern connected vehicles technology. Commonly, Global
Positioning System (GPS) is integrated with inertial navigation systems (INS) and other sensors to
provide a robust navigation solution. A multi-sensor integration system for high-precision vehicle
navigation is proposed, based on the fusion of GNSS PPP-RTK, MEMS IMU, and wheel odometer.
2.Systems Integration Approach: The dominant systems integration approach for multi-sensor
integrated navigation is Kalman Filter (KF) or Particle Filter (PF). However, these integration
approaches fail to sustain reliable performance during long GPS outages. A novel systems
integration approach based on a nonlinear systems identification technique called Fast
Orthogonal Search (FOS) is proposed to enhance integrated navigation systems performance
during long GPS outages.
3.Robust Navigation: A novel scheme of multi-sensor navigation system is proposed to provide a
reliable state estimation under minor system aberrations, i.e., improve the robustness of the
navigation system against inappropriate parameterization or environment disturbances.
 MICROCONTROLLERS IN
NAVIGATION SYSTEM
1. Types of Microcontrollers: Different types of microcontrollers are used in automobiles, including AVR
microcontroller, 8051 microcontroller, PIC microcontroller, etc. These microcontrollers need a chip that
comprises a CPU, RAM (random-access memory), program memory, and programmable I/Ps and O/Ps.
2. Role of Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers manage ECU (Electronic Control Unit) functions such as
seats, power windows, braking, steering, taillights, and headlights. They can communicate with one
another through a multiplexing. These microcontrollers can manage related systems separately by
using a BUS to communicate with other networks when they are required to perform a function.
3. Microcontroller Unit (MCU): There are two ways to control an electronic circuit either using a
Microprocessor or MCU. The Microprocessors are usually referred to as general-purpose
microprocessors because they do not contain RAM, ROM, and I/O ports. So, system designers have to
add an external RAM, ROM, and I/O ports to make a system functional.
4. Automotive Microcontrollers: Automotive Microcontrollers and Microprocessors are AEC-Q100-
qualified 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit MCUs, MPUs, and dsPIC DSCs for automotive safety-critical
 GPS RECEIVERS AND ANTENNAS
1. GPS Antenna: A GPS antenna is a device that receives radio signals from GPS satellites at varying frequencies. The
antenna expands the signals and converts them into electronic signals so that they can be interpreted by a GPS
receiver. Most GPS receivers also come with in-built antennas. GPS antennas are usually omnidirectional, meaning
they can receive and transmit signals from and to different directions equally.
2. GPS Receiver: A GPS receiver is a device that locates multiple satellites, calculates their distances from one another,
and then calculates its own distance from those satellites. This process of triangulation is what makes GPS receivers
so accurate.
3. Integration in Vehicles: High precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology provides the accuracy,
availability, and reliability that a vehicle requires to be self-driving. GNSS receivers that use multiple frequencies and
multiple GNSS constellations, Synchronous Position Attitude and Navigation (SPAN) technology, GPS Anti-Jam
technology and interference mitigation, and correction services provide the positioning and sensor integration that
autonomous vehicles need.
4. Antenna and Front-End: Antenna and front-end play a key role in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers
where multi-frequency and multi-constellation services are used simultaneously to produce high-precision position,
navigation, and timing information.
 NAVIGATION ALGORITHM IN EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
• Example of an navigation algorithm for mobile robots
that works in an indoor and dynamic environment
based on the PF-SLAM algorithm which combines the
Particle Filter and FAST-SLAM algorithm. This
algorithm is very suitable for running on an
embedded system because it avoids large complex
computations.
• Another example is a navigation algorithm embedded
in the GPS receiver that combines raw measurements
from the signal processor with GPS satellite orbit data
to estimate the observer state. This process requires
two sets of models: a measurement model and a
dynamics or process model.
PATH PLANNING AND OPTIMIZATION
1. Path Optimization Algorithm: Vehicle path planning plays a key role in the car navigation system. The
Path Optimization Algorithm of Car Navigation System considers Node Attributes under Time-
Invariant Network. The minimum travel time from the starting node to the destination node is taken
as the optimization goal (including node time cost). A Reverse Order Labeling Algorithm (ROLA) based
on the traditional Dijkstra algorithm is proposed to solve the problem.
2. Dijkstra-Based Algorithm: A new algorithm based on Dijkstra for Vehicle Path Planning considering
Intersection Attribute has been proposed. This algorithm, known as the reverse labeling Dijkstra
algorithm (RLDA), has been proven to be effective in finding the optimal path.
3. Path Planning Model and Optimization Strategy: The model is mainly constructed with the path
geometric mileage or travel time as the target value. Many methods have been proposed and applied
in this field.
4. Local Path Planning: Local path planning results are affected by the environment and the vehicle. The
path smoothing and optimization method based on B-spline curve and the path optimization method
based on the steering controller are used.
 REAL WORLD APPLICATION
1. Automobiles: Carmakers spend years developing and investing in embedded navigation and
infotainment systems. These systems are crucial for providing drivers with up-to-date maps and location
services. They also play a significant role in assisted driving safety features like speed limit and hazard
warnings.
2. Electric Connected Autonomous Swarm (ECAS) Vehicles: These vehicles act as autonomous agents using
swarm intelligence to communicate and exchange information with each other and the
infrastructure. They access independent services such as energy, high-definition maps, routes,
infrastructure information, traffic lights, tolls, parking (micropayments), and find emergent/intelligent
solutions.
3. GPS Devices: The receiver or device that receives the data has an integrated embedded system to
facilitate the application of a global positioning system. The embedded GPS devices allow people to find
their current locations and destinations easily.
4. Onboard Sensors: Embedded systems are used in onboard sensors for vehicle stability, braking and
acceleration, vehicle speed, temperature, and more, providing an effective user experience.
CHALLENGES IN NAVIGATION
SYSTEM
• Outdated Maps and Software: One of the biggest challenges is keeping the maps and
software up-to-date. When faced with the choice between outdated maps and a
smartphone with connectivity and accurate location services, drivers might neglect in-
vehicle technology in favor of mobile devices. This can be frustrating for car
manufacturers who spend valuable time, money, and effort developing specifically
customized embedded navigation for each new car model released.
• Real-time Traffic Information: Today, advanced guidance in modern cars can function
with the help of the same online maps and traffic data as it is available on the
smartphone. Yet, compared to the in-vehicle navigation, a smartphone cannot provide
real-time traffic information without the internet connection whereas navigation in
cars utilizes Traffic Message Channel (TMC) technology.
CASE STUDIES
• In the automotive industry, embedded navigation systems are integral
to providing drivers with real-time traffic updates, route guidance, and
safety alerts.
• In the field of Internet of Things (IoT), embedded navigation plays a
crucial role in connecting devices and enabling them to communicate,
collect, and exchange data
 FUTURE SCOPE
1. Lane Level Navigation: This is a focus area for companies like TomTom. It provides a full online navigation
experience with lane-level navigation, which is crucial for autonomous driving.
2. Integration with ADAS & Autonomous Driving: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and
autonomous driving capabilities are expected to be integrated with embedded navigation systems. This
will enhance safety features like speed limit and hazard warnings.
3. Regulatory Criteria: New safety and environmental regulations are expected to drive the adoption of
embedded navigation. For example, Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) will have to be fitted to all new
vehicle types from May 2022 and all new vehicles from 2024.
4. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: For drivers of electric vehicles (EV), range anxiety is a major
concern. Embedded navigation systems can help alleviate this by providing real-time information about
charging stations, optimizing routes based on battery life, etc.
5. Artificial Intelligence and Other Technologies: Innovations such as Artificial Intelligence, Computer
Vision, Cognitive Computing, Augmented Reality, IoT, Big Data are expected to give rise to self-driving
cars as the primary means of transportation.
CONCLUSION
• In conclusion, automotive embedded navigation systems are an integral part of
modern vehicles, providing real-time traffic updates, route guidance, and safety
alerts. They enhance the driving experience by integrating with other in-vehicle
systems and offering features like lane-level navigation and ADAS integration.
However, they face challenges such as outdated maps and software, integration
complexities, and user preference for smartphones.
• Despite these challenges, the future of embedded navigation is promising. With
advancements in technology, we can expect to see more sophisticated features like
AI integration, real-time charging station information for electric vehicles, and
enhanced privacy protections. As the automotive industry continues to evolve,
embedded navigation systems will play a crucial role in shaping the future of
transportation.
THANK YOU