4 Application 1

Application
Paint School
JPS-E / Application / 1
Application of paint
Never use roller for application of coat

number 1.
Roller application wet the surface poorly.
Paint School
Application of the first primer coat.
1. Roller application not accepted
2. “Radiator” brushes of standard quality not

permitted
3. Brush application only on minor areas or areas

difficult/impossible to reach by airless spray.
Paint School
Methods for paint application
Airless spray:
Good
Paint brush:
Good
Roller:
Poor, particularly for
the first coat
Paint School
Application By Paint brush
Benefits
 Good wetting of the substrate
 Forces the paint into the surface
 Better than roller on the first coat
 Good on areas with poor accessibility
Limitations
 Gives low film thickness, many coats required
 Creates an uneven film
 Application speed is slow
Paint School
Application By Roller
Benefits
 Application speed is faster than with paint brush
 Good on areas with poor accessibility
Limitations
 Poor wetting of the substrate
 Never use for the first coat
 Incorporates air into the paint film
 Gives low film thickness, many coats required
Paint School
Application
Stripe coating prior to each full coat
Stripe coat with paint brush:
• Where difficult access with spray
• Inside edges and holes
• Manual welding seams
• Corners, angles
• Sharp edges
Paint School
Main Parts of
Airless Spray Equipment
Airless spray equipment consist of three
main parts :
1. Air / electrical motor
2. Paint pump
3. Hose and spray gun
Paint School
Airless Spray Pump. How It Works.
Compressed
air
Pressurized
Paint
Paint School
Airless spray pump
Capacity, l/minute, dependent on

volume of pump
Paint School
Airless spray. Pressure in - out.
Example: Pressure ratio 60:1
Pressure in: 5 kg/cm² (air)

Pressure out: 300 kg/cm² (paint)
(theoretical)
Paint School
Application
Technical Specification of Pumps
Model Monark President President President Bulldog Bulldog King King
Pressure ratio 23:1 15:1 30:1 46:1 30:1 60:1 45:1 63:1
Delivery/cycle, cm² 27 108 61 36 195 95 253 195
Max. delivery l/mm 2.70 l 6.50 l 4.00 l 2.10 l 11.70 l 5.70 l 12.65 l 9.75 l
Free delivery l/mm 8.5 l 24 l 13.5 l 8l 39 l 18.5 l 42 l 39 l
DIN 24374
Max. recom. speed 100 60 60 60 60 60 50 50
Cycles / min
Max. work pressure 190 bar 124 bar 240 bar 310 bar 240 bar 300 bar 285 bar 350 bar
Inlet air pressure, Bar 2.8 - 8.4 2.8 - 8 2.8 - 8 2.8 - 6.5 1.8 - 8 1.8 - 5 3 - 6.3 3 - 5.5
Max. air consumption 600 900 900 900 2900 2900 4500 3650
(ltr. free air/min)
Max. tip size - mm 0.63 1.09 1.04 0.63 1.14 1.14 1.52 1.4
(inches) (0.025 ”) (0.43”) (0.041” ) (0.025 (0.045 (0.045 ”) (0.060” ) (0.060” )
1 gun “ 0.74 0.74 “ 0.79 “ 1.24 11.14
2 guns “ (0.029 ”) (0.029” ) “ (0.031) “ (0.049” ) (0.045” )
3 guns “ “ 0.63 0.89 0.74
(0.025) (0.035”) (0.035”)
Tip provided 163 - 411 - 163 - 413 163 - 411 221 - 627 221 - 627 221 - 635 221 - 631
Paint School
How to Get the Most out of
Your Airless Spray Tip / Nozzles
• Use the lowest amount of air pressure required

to atomize material and providing a satisfactory
spray fan
• Strain all material
• Use filters
• Remove spray tip before cleaning spray gun
• Clean spray tip with brush
Paint School
Atomisation of the Paint
Tip
Orifice
Atomised droplets Fan pattern

of paint
Paint School
Thickness of the Paint applied
The film thickness

is affected by :
• Distance gun tip - surface
• Speed of gun stroke
• Pump pressure
• Nozzle size
Paint School
Paint Application Equipment
Spray Tips Do Wear !
• Normal tip wear is caused by normal use
• Greatest wear occurs in first 120 litres sprayed

(using an average quality emulsion paint)
• Most tips worn out after spraying 320 to 480

litres
Paint School
Spray Tips Do Wear
Orifice Fan width Through put
Size mm Litres per min.
Original .015 305 0,90
Worn to .017 280 1,15
Worn to .019 230 1,50
Worn to .021 140 1,80
Spray pattern
305 280 230 140 mm

Paint School
Main rule for pre-treatment
and paint application:
Temperature of substrate
should be at a temperature of
min.
3oC above dew point of the air
in the vicinity
Paint School
Airless spraying
can be dangerous.
Paint School
Why use airless spraying ?
Applicator saves time: 50 - 75%

• With paint brush: Four times longer
• With roller: Twice as long
Paint School
Paint application.
Rules
• Correct distance (30-60 cm)
• Correct angel (90°)
• Overlapping
(50% or cross
application)
Paint School
Rules for application :
• Start moving the spray

gun before pulling the
trigger
• Release trigger before

stopping the movement
• Use smooth and even

strokes
Paint School
Application With A Spray Gun
Stroke and Triggering
Structure
Start stroke  Pull trigger  Release trigger  End stroke
Paint School
Formation of a Paint Film
• As the coating droplets hit the

substrate they will become flat.
• Then they will overlap and form a continuous paint film
Paint School
Overspray or Dry-spray
Outside area of
effective spraying:
• Low impact
• Poor flow of paint
• Result: Dry-spray
Area of effective spraying
Dry-spray will develop at the edges of a wide spray fan.

This may give a rough film and pinholes
Paint School
Paint application
Airless spraying with overlap
50 % Overlapping ensures
Overlap an even film thickness
Paint School
Application Technique
With Spray Gun
Positioning of the spray gun
Correct Wrong
Parallel Perpendicular Arcing Tilting
Light
Over spray Heavy Light
Paint School
Spray Application Technique
Apply One Extra Coat to Corners
Wrong Correct
Source:
Corr. Control Principles and Metodes, Sect. 7, Ameron Inc., Monterey Park, Ca.)
Paint School
Application of Inside
Corners
Air cushion is formed Area with thin layer of paint
Area with
thick paint film
Application directly into the corner gives an uneven film thickness,

but may still be satisfactory for many types of service
(Source:
Industrial Maintenance Painting, National Association of Corrosion Engineers; Houston TX, p. 88, 1973.)
Paint School
Application of inside Corners
• Spray each side of the corner separately
• Use a vertical spray pattern
• This will give an even paint film
2
3
4
5
(Source:
Industrial Maintenance Painting, National Association of Corrosion Engineers; Houston TX, p 88, 1973)
Paint School
Application Technique:
Surfaces With Deep Pits
Air will be compressed in pits and push the paint back.

This makes use of airless spray on such areas almost impossible
Paint School
What Factors Influence
the Drying / Curing process ?
• Relative humidity, %
• Ventilation
• Temperature
• Film thickness
• Number of coats
• Evaporation speed of solvents
Paint School
Incorrect Use of Airless Spray
Equipment Will Result In:
• A rough surface
• Too much paint dust
• Pinholes in the paint film
• Entrapped air
• Entrapped solvents
• Too high paint consumption
Paint School
The Single Most Important Factor
Cleanliness and good housekeeping

before, during and after application
are the most important factors to
have a good result
Paint School
Procedure For Cleaning of Airless
Spray Equipment (1 of 2)
 Release the pressure and secure the gun
 Remove the spray tip and clean it thoroughly
Blow through the nozzle with compressed air
 Clean the suction device outside.
Empty the suction device for paint
 Put thinner / cleaner under suction device
- Use pressure in the range of 1-2 Kg / cm ² to force
residual paint in the pump back into the paint tin
- Allow the thinner to circulate in the system for
approximately 5 - 10 minutes
Paint School
Procedure For Cleaning of Airless
Spray Equipment (2 of 2)
 Release the pressure and secure the gun.

 Clean filter and the filter house
 Change to clean thinner / cleaner
 Use pressure in the range of 1-2 Kg / cm ² to force
residual thinner / cleaner through the system until nearly
clear thinner / cleaner comes out
 Secure the gun
- Decrease the pressure to approximately 5 - 6 Kg / cm²
- Disconnect the air supply
Paint School
Ventilation.
Good Practice
Solvent vapours Suction from

are heavier lowest points
than air in enclosed areas
Paint School
Ventilation.
Bad Practice
Using an inlet fan Using an exhaust fan
Air flow Air flow

Solvent vapour Solvent vapour
Inlet fan, air through pipe

Air out
Solvent
vapours Air in
Paint School
Temperature and Humidity of Air
Used for Drying.
• Supply of heated air immediately after application

may lead to skin drying and entrapped solvents
• Cold air will keep the film open longer and ensure
proper evaporation
• Avoid high air temperature (especially epoxy)
• High humidity will slow down the drying time
• Heating equipment using propane or paraffin oil
produce water and Carbon dioxide and may create
Amine swetting
Paint School
Application
Alternative 1 (From right).

• 1. Coat: Round brush
• 2. Coat: Roller
Alternative 2.
• 1. coat round brush
• 2. coat spray
Alternative 3.
• 1. coat spray
• 2. coat spray
Rule: Never roller 1st. coat
Skjematisk påføring
0589 - 34
Paint School
Hand-tools for Application of Paint
• Stirrer: Only to be
used for small tins
• Round paint brush
• Flat, short paint
brush
• Radiator brush
• Small back roller
• Tape for masking
Paint School
Application Tool. Paint Brush
• A round brush is in
most cases preferred
• Paint brush “works”
the paint well into the
substrate.
• Can be used on 1.
Coat as well as
subsequent coats.
• Limitation: The
production rate
Rund kost
4226 - 86
Paint School
Application By Paint Brush
• Application of the 1st

coat
• Here, a round paint
brush is used
• The paint brush works
the paint well into the
substrate
• Limitation: Production
rate
Paint School
Flat Paint Brush / Radiator Brush
• Flat brush - angel

• For areas being
difficult to access
• Long handle is not
recommended
• With long
extension: Not
permitted offshore
Flat vinkelkost
1A
Paint School
Final Touch-up after Spraying
• Two applicators,
both well
protected
• Touch-up of a
construction
Paint School
Application Tool. Roller
• Small back roller

• Thin naps for
glossy top coats
• Type of roller to
use must be based
on what to paint
and the type of
paint to use
Paint School
• Well protected
painter
• Application of
topcoat by roller
use must be based
on what to paint
and the type of
paint to use
Paint School
use must be based
on what to paint
and the type of
paint to use
• Not recommended
to use roller on the
1. Coat. Roller - green
Paint School
Superstructure. Application by Roller
• Ship’s side. Applied by

rollers.
• 2 men working from a
dock arm
• This is often seen where it
is environmental
restrictions. Spray dust
can contaminate objects in
the area around the yard
(Overspray / wind)).
Paint School
Application: Conventional Spray
• Conventional air
driven spray
• Handy for small
constructions
Paint School
Application tool. Conventional Spray.
• Air driven spray

(conventional)
• Handy for small
constructions
• Mostly used to apply low
viscosity paints
• Usually, a thinner film is
applied than with airless
spray equipment.
Luft trykk sprøyte på spann
Paint School
Airless Spray Pump
• Airless spray pump

• High pressure
• Typical pressure ratios:
1: 48 or 1: 60
• Recommended pressure at
nozzle: Minimum 15 MPa
(150 kp/cm² or 2.100 psi)
• Small diameter and long
length of spray hose will
reduce the pressure
Paint School
Control Valve for Air Pressure
• Airless spray control valve

• Correct pressure important
• Typical pressure ratio:
1 : 48 or 1 : 60
• Recommended pressure at
nozzle: Minimum 15 MPa
(150 kp/cm² or 2.100 psi)
• Small diametre and long Høytrykkpumpe, ventil
length of spray hose will
2C
reduce the pressure
Paint School
Fresh Air Paint Mask with Visor
• Gives full cover of

moth, nose and eyes
• Necessary in
confined spaces
where no fresh air
circulates
• Fresh air is supplied
through a reduction
valve from the
compressor .
Paint School
Well Protected Applicator
• Well equipped
painter ready to
spray
• Overall covers the
entire body
• Here, an
inexpensive type
which may be
thrown after use.
Paint School
Spray Gun
Close up of spray
gun
• Nozzle
• Trigger
• Safety catch
Paint School
Application technique
• Where possible, keep the gun

at a right angle to the
substrate while spraying
• The distance should be
between 30 and 60 cm. The Skjematisk riktig sprøyting
optimal distance will vary,
among other things with 0589 - 42
wind, temperature, pressure
at the nozzle and the 4226 - 102
viscosity of the paint .
Paint School
Spray Gun and Spray Fan
• The distance to the object is

good
• The fan is very homogenous,
without fingering
• Dry-spraying is hard to avoid
when spraying small or tiny
objects
• A spray fan with an angle in
the range 60 to 80 degrees is
quite common when spraying
flat, large areas.
Paint School
Spray Application of Ships’ Bottom
• Pre-treatment Sa 2½
• Application of a one-
coat ice resistant
system
• Application technique
is good
• Good overlapping and
a nice, glossy surface
Paint School
Application of a Tank
• Pre-treatment Sa 2 ½
• Paint system: Glass
fibre reinforced
polyester
• Good application
technique
Paint School
Application of a Ships’ Side
• Pre-treatment Sa 2 ½
• Application of a holding
primer
• Applicator using a long
extension (lance) to be able
to reach bigger areas.
• Recommended maximum
length of lance is
approximately 1.5 metres
• Care should be taken to keep
a correct distance an angle
to the structure
Paint School
Application of a Complex Structure
• Pre-treatment Sa 2½
• Paint: Glass fibre
reinforced Polyester
• Application
technique is good
Paint School
Application from a Cherry Picker
• Spraying from cherry

picker
• Here a correct distance to
the surface can be
obtained all over the ship
side.
• Disadvantage: Slow
production rate compared
with a crane on rails.
Paint School
Application from a Cherry Picker
• Application at Ships’
bow
• 2 men applying from a
cherry picker gives a
quick production rate
• Application like this
require good co-
ordination and skilled
personnel
Paint School
Painting a Large, Flat Construction
• Application from a
wide basket
• Mechanical damages
can often occur
• It is required to
support the basket to
keep it steady
Paint School
Application in a Narrow Space
• Not always easy to be

the applicator
• The spaces to be
painted can be narrow
• Good planning of the
work, systematic
work and good
experience is
required.
Paint School
Personal Protection Is a Necessity
• Make sure to use

adequate protection
while using paint
• Application on an
offshore installation
Paint School
Incorrect Application Technique
• Waving with the gun

• Result: Uneven paint
film
• Also: Dry-spraying
will occur
• The loss factor will Skjematisk gal sprøyting
be high
• The roughness will 0589-43
increase
4226 - 103
Paint School
Roughness as a Function of Application Distance
• Long distance
between spray gun
and hull gives
increased roughness
• Increased risk of
having dry spraying
• A rough surface of
the ship’s bottom will
result in an increased
fuel consumption Ruhets kurve
0589-44
Paint School
Spraying of Side Bottom (1 of 4)
Application of paint on side

bottom of ship
Wrong application technique:
• Bad scaffoldings
• Too long distance
• Wrong angle
• Dry spraying Sprøyter, lang avstand
0589 - 55
• This results in a very poor
paint film: Rough,
pinholes, entrapped air.
Paint School
Close Up Roughness (2 of 4)

bottom of ship
• Wrong angle
• Dry spraying
Nærbilde ruhet
• Roughness increases
0589 - 56
Paint School
Macro Photo Dry Spray (3 of 4)

bottom of ship
• Wrong angle
• Dry spraying
Close up of surface. Magnified Macro dry spray
8-10 X
0589 - 57
Paint School
Microscope Cross Section of Film (4 of 4)
Application of paint on side bottom

of ship
• Wrong angle
• Dry spraying
Photo shows dry sprayed topcoat:
• Very rough surface
Snitt dryspray
• Very porous paint film
• Entrapped air 0589 - 58
Paint School
Spraying of a Ship’s Bottom
Very poor application

technique
• Dry spraying
• Uneven film thickness
• Running water along
side of the ship while
painting Sprøyting bunn
(Scupper plug missing)
0589 - 53
Paint School
Non - Systematic Spraying
Unskilled personnel
• Non systematic
spraying of a large
surface
• Several holidays Helligdag
• Uneven spraying
Rød maling
and paint film
thickness 0589 - 54
Paint School
Non - Systematic Spraying
Unskilled personnel
• Non systematic
spraying
• Several holidays
• Uneven spraying and Skansekled. inv.
paint film thickness
4 - 25
• Stripe coating is
missing
Paint School
Effect of Temperature, Distance and Roughness
(1 of 6)
Temperature
• Paint + 10 oC
• Air / steel + 10 oC
Distance 50 cm
Roughness 60 µm
Result: Ruhet
Very even surface, low
roughness 0589 - 36
Paint School
Effect of Temperature, Distance and Roughness (2 of 6)
Temperature
• Paint + 10 oC
Distance 100 cm
Roughness 175 µm
Ruhet
0589 - 37
Increased distance gives
increased surface roughness
Paint School
Temperature
• Paint+ 30 oC
Distance 50 cm
Roughness 58 µm Ruhet
Even at a relatively high 0589 - 38
temperature a low
roughness can be achieve if
the distance is correct
Paint School
Temperature
• Paint + 30 oC
Distance 100 cm
Roughness 224 µm
Ruhet
Increasing both the
temperature and the distance 0589-39
will result in an increased
roughness
Paint School
Temperature:
• Paint + 30 oC
Distance 50 cm
Roughness 67 µm Ruhet
0589-40
Correct distance and low
temperatures give a perfect
paint surface: Low roughness
Paint School
Temperatures
• Paint + 30 oC
Distance 100 cm
Roughness 575 µm
Long distance and high paint Ruhet

•temperature:
Too fast solvent
evaporation 0589-41
• Pin holes
• Increased dry spraying
Paint School
Macro C.R. Topcoat (1 of 2)
Photo from inside of the paint film
Chlorinated Rubber applied
to the correct thickness.
• Normal thickness -
60 µm
• Result: Sound paint film Nærbilde rød k.k.
• Magnification: 8 - 10 X 0589 - 63
Paint School
Macro of C.R. Topcoat (2 of 2)
Paint not applied Photo from inside of the paint film
according to the paint
specification.
• Too thick paint film: 120 µm

Result:
Nærbilde rød k.k.
• Entrapped air
• Entrapped solvents 0589 - 64
• Porous film
• Blisters and delamination will 4226 - 44
occur in future
Paint School
Close up of Tank Coating System
Tank coating paint system

• Too thick intermediate
coat
• Entrapped air/solvent
• Very porous film
• Inspection showed Nærbilde tankmaling
poor cohesion in the
paint. 0589 - 62
• Delamination and
blistering can be
expected in the future
Paint School
Close up of Paint Film (1 of 2)
Paint applied according to

the paint specification.
• Perfect paint
Nærbilde filmkutt
system:
0589 - 60
• Correct thickness:
– Primer, Intermediate
coat and Topcoat
– Topcoat 50 - 60 µm
Paint School
Close up of Paint Film (2 of 2)
Paint not applied according
to the paint specification.
• Specification : 50 µm
Nærbilde filmkutt
• Thickness of Topcoat:
100 - 150 µm 0589 - 61
Result:
• Entrapped air
4226 - 45
• Entrapped solvents
• Porous film
• Blisters and delamination
will occur in future
Paint School
Spraying From Basket / Crane
• If the movement of the

basket is not controlled,
mechanical damages may
occur
• Use for example ropes to
keep the basket steady
• Fendering of corners
should be done. Lang kurv S/B mekanisk skade
Mechanical damage shown
on photo
Paint School
Spraying with a Too Long Lance
• Application from fixed

scaffolding
• Too long spraying lance.
Difficult to handle
• Applicator too close to the
structure, makes it difficult
to keep a constant
distance and a correct Sprøyter, lang lanse
angle to the substrate
9 - 54
• Bad result
– Uneven film thickness
Paint School
Double Spraying of A/F
• Two applicators
applying from one
dockarm basket
• Dockarm gives good
access
• Not always a good 2 sprøyter rød S/B
solution:
– One too close to ships’ side fra dokkarm
– One at a correct distance
9 - 49
– Result: Uneven film thickness
Paint School
Poor Roller Application Technique
• Ships bow
• Roller mounted on
top of a long rod
• It is impossible to
control the
application
Paint School
Surface Applied by Roller
• Roller gives a low film

thickness
• One coat is not sufficient
• At least one more coat is
required to have good
coverage
• Two or three coats applied
by roller is needed to
obtain the same film
thickness as with one coat
applied by spray,
Paint School
• Thank You !
Paint School

4 Application 1

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Application

Never use roller for application of coat

Roller application wet the surface poorly.

1. Roller application not accepted

2. “Radiator” brushes of standard quality not

3. Brush application only on minor areas or areas

1. Air / electrical motor

Capacity, l/minute, dependent on

Example: Pressure ratio 60:1

Pressure in: 5 kg/cm² (air)

• Use the lowest amount of air pressure required

Atomised droplets Fan pattern

The film thickness

• Normal tip wear is caused by normal use

• Greatest wear occurs in first 120 litres sprayed

• Most tips worn out after spraying 320 to 480

305 280 230 140 mm

Applicator saves time: 50 - 75%

• Correct distance (30-60 cm)

• Correct angel (90°)

• Start moving the spray

• Release trigger before

• Use smooth and even

Start stroke  Pull trigger  Release trigger  End stroke

• As the coating droplets hit the

Area of effective spraying

Dry-spray will develop at the edges of a wide spray fan.

Over spray Heavy Light

Application directly into the corner gives an uneven film thickness,

Air will be compressed in pits and push the paint back.

Cleanliness and good housekeeping

 Release the pressure and secure the gun.

Solvent vapours Suction from

Air flow Air flow

Inlet fan, air through pipe

• Supply of heated air immediately after application

Alternative 1 (From right).

• Application of the 1st

• Flat brush - angel

• Small back roller

• Ship’s side. Applied by

• Air driven spray

• Airless spray pump

• Airless spray control valve

• Gives full cover of

• Where possible, keep the gun

• The distance to the object is

• Spraying from cherry

• Not always easy to be

• Make sure to use

• Waving with the gun

Application of paint on side

Application of paint on side

Application of paint on side

Application of paint on side bottom

Very poor application

Long distance and high paint Ruhet

• Too thick paint film: 120 µm

Tank coating paint system

Paint applied according to

• If the movement of the

• Application from fixed

• Roller gives a low film

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