Lecture 1

Introduction to Operating Systems
OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS – Chapter 1

Thursday, December 7, 2023 Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition ©2021 Computer Science Faculty, PU
Objectives of this Lecture
 Explain ‫ توضیح دهید‬what operating systems are, what they do,
and how they are designed and constructed‫ ساخته شده‬.
 Learning components of operating systems.
 To explore several open-source operating systems.as well as
operating systems for mobile devices.
What is Operating Systems
 An operating system or OS is a software program that enables the

computer hardware to communicate and operate with the
computer software.
 An operating system is a program that manages a computer’s hardware.
 Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work.
 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
 OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine
hardware.
 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc
Operating Systems(Cont.)
Operating System Definitions

• software that controls the operation of a computer and
directs the processing of programs (as by assigning storage
space in memory and controlling input and output
functions)
• Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources.
• Control program – controls the execution of user programs
and operations of I/O devices.
Types of operating systems:
 Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer

you buy.
 The three most common operating systems for personal
computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS , and Linux.
 Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface,
or GUI (pronounced gooey).A GUI lets you use your mouse to
click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly
displayed on the screen using a combination
of graphics and text.
Microsoft Windows:
 Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the
mid-1980s.
 Over the years, there have been many different versions
of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows
10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows
7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007).
Linux:
 Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems,
which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world.
 This is different from proprietary‫ی‬#‫ اختصاص‬software like Windows, which can
only be modified by the company that owns it.
 The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many
different distributions—or versions—you can choose from.
 According to Stat Counter Global Stats, Linux users account for less
than 2% of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux
because it's relatively easy to customize.
Operating systems for mobile devices:
 The operating systems we've been talking about so far were designed
to run on desktop and laptop computers.
 Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3
players are different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run
operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices.
 Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple
iOS and Google Android.
 In the screenshot below, you can see iOS running on an iPad.
Thursday, December 7, 2023 Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition
©2021 Computer Science Faculty, P
What Operating Systems Do
Figure 1.1 Abstract view of the components of a computer system.

Computer System Structure
A computer system can be divided unevenly into four

components: the hardware, the operating system, the
application programs, and the users (Figure 1.1).
Hardware
 The hardware—the central processing unit (CPU), the
memory, and the input/output (I/O) devices—provides
the basic computing resources for the system.
Computer System Structure(Cont..)
System programs and Application programs

 This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker
etc.
 The application programs—such as word processors,
spreadsheets, compilers, and web browsers—define
the ways in which these resources are used to solve
users' computing problems.
Computer System Structure(Cont..)
Users
 People, machines, other computers
 A user is a person or thing that uses something such as a
place, facility, product, or machine.
Software (Operating System)
 The operating system controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
point of view
To understand more fully the operating system’s role,

we next explore operating systems from two
viewpoints:
the user
 and system.

User View
 Most computer users sit in front of a PC, consisting of a monitor,
keyboard, mouse, and system unit.
 The goal is to maximize the work (or play) that the user is performing.
 a user sits at a terminal connected to a mainframe or minicomputer.
 Other users are accessing the same computer through other terminals.
These users share resources and may exchange information.
 The operating system in such cases is designed to maximize resource
utilization

System View
• From the computer’s point of view, the operating system is

the program most intimately involved with the hardware.
• In this context, we can view an operating system as a
resource allocator.
• A computer system has many resources that may be
required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space,
file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on. The operating
system acts as the manager of these resources.
System View
• A control program manages the execution of user

programs to prevent errors and improper use of the
computer.
Figure 1.2 A modern computer system

Computer-System Organization
• System programs provide a convenient environment for program
development and execution. They can be divided into:
– File Management or manipulation
– Status information
– File modification
– Programming language support
– Program loading and execution
– Communications
– Application programs
System programs(Cont..)
• File management - Create, delete, copy, rename, print, list, and generally
manipulate files and directories
• Status information
– Some program simply ask the system for info - date, time, amount of
available memory, disk space, number of users
– Provide detailed about performance, logging, and debugging
information
– Some systems implement a registry - used to store and retrieve
configuration information.
• File modification
– Text editors to create and modify files
• Programming-language support - Compilers, assemblers,
debuggers, and interpreters for common programming
languages (such as C, C++, Java, and PERL) are often provided
with the operating system or available as a separate
download.
• Program loading and execution-
• Once a program is assembled or compiled, it must be loaded
into memory to be executed.
• The system may provide absolute loaders, reloadable loaders
• Debugging systems for either higher-level languages or
machine language are needed as well.
• Communications –
• Provide the mechanism for creating virtual connections
among processes, users, and computer systems
– Allow users to send messages to one another’s screens,
browse web pages, send electronic-mail messages, log in
remotely, transfer files from one machine to another
• Background Services
– Launch at boot time
• Some for system startup, then terminate
• Some from system boot to shutdown
– Provide facilities like disk checking, process
scheduling, error logging
– Run in user context not kernel context
– Known as services, subsystems
• Application programs
– Don’t affect to system
– Run by users
– Not typically considered part of OS
– Launched by command line, mouse click, finger
poke
References
• Abraham-Silberschatz-Operating-System-Concepts-9th
2018.12.
• Tutorials Point pdf
The End

Lecture 1

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Introduction to Operating Systems

OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS – Chapter 1

 An operating system or OS is a software program that enables the

Operating System Definitions

 Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer

Figure 1.1 Abstract view of the components of a computer system.

A computer system can be divided unevenly into four

System programs and Application programs

To understand more fully the operating system’s role,

Thursday, December 7, 2023 Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition

Thursday, December 7, 2023 Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition

• From the computer’s point of view, the operating system is

• A control program manages the execution of user

Figure 1.2 A modern computer system

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