CONCRETE PAVEMENT TECHNOLOGY

“OPTIMIZATION OF CONCRETE MIXES USING MIXTURE

APPROACH FOR SLIP-FORMED CONCRETE PAVEMENT
INCORPORATING BLENDS OF LIMESTONE
AGGREGATES”
 OBJECTIVE

To investigate the blend of different concrete mixes of durable

and non-durable aggregates

To develop a model showing relationship between various

proportion of aggregates and performance of the individual
concrete

To determine optimal blend of durable and non-durable

aggregates based on their maximum replacement without
compromising strength and durability as per specifications
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 INTRODUCTION

As the slip form concrete (SFC) mixtures are proportioned for paving applications
but due to the agitated environmental condition their long-term durability and
serviceability becomes challenging to their long-term life period.
The main factors which are responsible for disintegration of concrete roads are
environmental conditions, low quality concrete, inappropriate production, delivery
and curing of freshly placed concrete.
SFC mixtures must be stiff enough with negligible slump just after leaving of paver
but it should be workable also so that the mixing, vibrating can be done with ease.

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 A. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
A.1 MATERIALS EVALUATION

 An ASTM C150 type-II Portland cement given in

Table 1 was used for manufacturing the
laboratory specimens.
 Ground water with 7.6 pH
 An ASTM C494 type-G polycarboxylate ether
based superplasticizer (WR) with capability of
high range water reducing and slump retention
was added to give low w/c mixes.
 ASTM C260 Air Entraining Agent (AEA)
 Aggregates with particle fractured in more than
one face are incorporated from two quarry
(Q161 &Q125) which were used for preparing
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control and trial mixes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATES

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SOME TEST SETUPS

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 MOLAR ANALYSIS OF XRF DATA.

• The higher approximated content of calcite for Q161-CLAs indicated the higher packing of constituent
grains.

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 GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION AND
PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

 Generally, dense and well graded matrix with rare signs of fracture porosity, micro-cracks, iron-
hydroxide and allochems was observed for Q161, whereas, a poorly sorted matrix with multiple
fractures, sature-like seams (stylolite's), allochems, fragments of older rocks (extraclasts), strained
quartz, opaque minerals and iron-hydroxide [63] was detected for Q125-rocks
 Q161 less trace of weathering and micro cracks compared to Q125 8
MIX DESIGN AND MIXTURE PREPARATION

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 MIX DESIGN AND MIXTURE PREPARATION

According to JPCP construction standards the fresh

required properties are:-
 the minimum 45 MPa compressive strength,
 6.5 MPa third-point flexural strength,
 durability factor >80 and
 scaling resistance index (0–1) for 28-days
concretes were required
To measure the performance responses,
 Six 150 mm cubes for compressive strength,
 three beam specimens (150×150×600 mm3 ) for
flexural strength,
 three prismatic specimens (75×100×350 mm3 )
for F&T durability factor in water,
 a specimen (210×210×80 mm3 ) from each mix
design for surface scaling resistance index were
prepared 10
 EXPERIMENT’S METHODS

 The 28-day compressive test was carried out as per UNI EN 12390–3 and average were recorded as fc− 28.
 The average density of cubes were also recorded as UW.
 The 28-day flexural strength of beam specimens were measured in accordance with ASTM C78 and the average
was recorded as ff− 28.
 Prior to initiation of rapid F&T test, the fundamental resonant frequency of prisms (fN0) was measured
 They were then placed in rapid freeze-thaw apparatus in accordance with ASTM C666/A and the fundamental
frequency after 300 F&T cycles (fN300) in water was measured to calculate the durability factor (Df).
DEVELOPMENT OF MIXTURE MODEL

Using the analysis of variance (ANOVA)

and least squares techniques
Where,
Y = the prediction model of response
X= terms refer to variables
B=terms are the regression coefficients
n= is the number of factors examined. 11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 Adequate precision (Adq.P) or

signal-to-noise ratio >4 and
(AdjustedR2 -PredictedR2 ) <0.2
indicates the model could reliably be
used to interpolate the performance
 UW is more sensitive to Q 125
aggregates
1.SSD DENSITY
 The positive correlations implied,
Q125-CLAs due to their weak
lithology, fractured porosity and
altered microstructures were prone to
particle fragmentation, more
absorption and entrained air-void
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disruption leading to more UW
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
 Q161-CLAs had a significant and direct effect on the fc− 28
 The maximum fc− 28 values were obtained for Mixes 115 and 161 which was 10% more than the
average UCS of constituent rock due to the strong bond at aggregate/ paste interface.

3.THIRD-POINT FLEXURAL STRENGTH

 All the beam specimens gave excellent ff− 28 in range of 5.9 to 8.2 Mpa
 Using the ANOVA, ff− 28 was more influenced by micro-structure of fine particles.
 The least ff− 28 was obtained for concretes mainly made with finer gradations of Q125-CLAs.

4.WL(C672)
 the control mixes mainly composed of Q125 (non-durable) and Q161 (durable) CLAs gave weight losses
of 9.4% and 0.95%, respectively.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5. DURABILITY FACTOR (DF)

 The longitudinal fN0 for concrete prisms made with Q125 and Q161 CLAs (Mix 125 and 161) were 4.8
and 5.3 KHz, respectively.
 The higher frequencies can be representative of more appropriate composition in concrete.
 A significant variation in Df from 67 to 89 was obtained for these control mixes.
 prisms with Df ≥ 60 can be Table considered frost resistant ,it should be increased to 80 for JPCP

6. SR index

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5. MULTI- OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION AND VALIDATION OF PREDICTION

MODELS
 It consider simultaneous combination of any goal defined

 Desirability fuction is given below which is used to indicate the the efficincy of the model

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5. MULTI- OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION AND VALIDATION OF PREDICTION

MODELS
 the optimal blend for coarse and fine aggregates was a combination between Mixes 217/149 and Mixes
115/156, respectively.
 the least desirability (0.7) was obtained for fc− 28 of concrete containing blended aggregates,
 the desirability for WL(C672) was slightly less than 1
 Thus, a mixture with the third optimal design including CL = 24.8%, FL = 8.4% and CH = 32.1% and FH
= 34.7% was made and experimental tests were carried out.

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 CONCLUSIONS

 The XRF data analysis showed that Q161 is more dense compared with Q125 aggregates
 For the same concrete mix proportion, despite the slight variations in strength range affected by blending
variables, the durability parameters varied considerably.
 • Concrete specimens made with durable and non-durable aggregates yielded the minimum and maximum
deterioration, respectively when subjected to confined F&T cycles in 4% NaCl solution
 The result of multi-objective optimization process proposed the incorporation of durable (CH = 32.08%, FH
= 34.7%) and nondurable (CL = 24.8%, FL = 8.4%) aggregates with the desirability of 0.827.
 As the incorporation of non-durable aggregate was increased further than the optimal blend, the concrete
performance started to decrease dramatically. This indicates that despite an air entrained low w/c ratio
cement paste, the maximum possible incorporation of nondurable aggregates must be estimated with
statistical adequate precision to produce durable concrete mixtures.
 The minimum desirability (0.7) for fc− 28 indicated that the goal to maximize the concrete strength can not
be met when the optimal blend of CLAs is used. Instead, the higher desirability (0.98) for minimizing
deterioration in terms of the WL(C672) was obtained for the estimated optimal blend. It implies, the
appropriate durability characteristics can be achievable in the lower strengths of concrete. 18
Thank you

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