Mix proportions:

 A number of investigators have shown that both surface

finishing techniques and types of curing practice also have a strong influence on the
abrasion resistance of concrete. Therefore, two series of concrete mixes were
prepared, concrete mixes containing replacement of NCA in size range of 10–20
mm by RCA, 100% RCA i.e. replacement of NCA by RCA that is, from 4.75 mm
to 20 mm. A control mix comprising of all NCA i.e. 100% NCA was also prepared.
The NCA was replaced by RCA on mass to mass basis. The higher water absorption
by RCA was accounted for in mixes by the addition of extra water needed to bring
RCA in SSD condition. The free water-to-cement ratio for Series 1 mixes was kept
0.44, while the same for Series 2 mixes was 0.38. The mix proportions by mass for,
cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water-to-cement ratio, HRWRA used were
1:2.1:3.86:0.44: 0.0067 and 1: 1.84: 3.26:0.38: 0.0063 for Series 1 and Series 2
concrete mixes. (1)

Mixing and specimens preparation:
 Mixing and concrete specimen’s preparations were carried out in accordance with
the Indian standard procedure. The raw materials, coarse and fine aggregates, and
cement were mixed in a dry state in a tilted drum type mixer for about 30 s. After
that two third of the water required was added and the mix was further mixed for
two minutes. Then the remaining 1/3rd water containing HRWRA was added and
mixing was further continued for 3–4 min before evaluating the fresh properties of
the concrete mixes. The standard specimens were cast for the evaluation of
compressive (150 mm cubes), 100 mm *100 mm* 500 mm beams for flexural
strength, and 100 mm cubes for abrasion resistance of the concrete. The samples
were demoulded after 24 h and then cured in a curing tank until the time of
testing. (1)

WORKABILITY:
i. For the sake of keeping slump value in the range of 25–75 mm [2].
ii. This dosage is usual in the concrete industry to produce 25 MPa reinforced
concrete, with a medium workability, slump between 60/90 mm and with using
admixtures (plasticizers and superplasticizers) [3].
iii. The workability of repeated recycled coarse aggregate concrete decreases with
each recycling cycle compared to natural aggregates concrete. This is
influenced by the amount of adhered mortar, the higher absorption capacity, the
roughness and the angularity of the recycled coarse aggregates [3].
iv. The slump of fresh concrete mixes was in the range of 45–60 mm. According
to the criteria outlined in IS 456 (2000), all the concrete mixes fall in the
category of low workability, the prescribed range for which is 25–75 mm [4].
 1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
The compressive strength of concrete specimens made out of the
mixtures was determined at an age of 28 days according to IS 516 (1959)
 When RCA compared to NCA the compressive strength decreases up to 25%. As per
IS-8112 the 7day compressive strength value is 35.6(>33) and 28day compressive
strength value is 50.5(>43) (1).
 A new combination method presented its exceptional behaviours when the
compressive strength increased about 8.6–16.3% in comparison with that of
conventional method. An interesting result can be observed that is, compressive
strength of concrete with 30% RA content according to new combination method was
about 9% higher than that of NAC, which is similar to previous investigations at early
age of concrete (7 days) (2).
 In general, the replacement of natural aggregates results in the reduction of the concrete
compressive strength, but this reduction value is negligible and its maximum is 30%
(5)
 Using recycled aggregates allows water infiltration due to porosity and improves
concrete curing. Additionally, in accordance with previous results, if the ratio of water
to cement is larger than 0.55, the compressive strength of concrete with 100% of
recycled aggregates is approximately equal to normal concrete (5)
 The reduction in compressive strength for 25% replacement of NCA aggregate was
insignificant (2–4%). When the replacement ratio increased to 50%, the compressive
strength reduction was 6–13%. Increasing the replacement ratio to more than 50% led
to a non-linear drop in compressive strength ranging from 15–23% less than control
concrete. Full replacement of NA with RCA led to a reduction in compressive strength
ranging from 18% to 28%. (7)
 The bigger the mean size of aggregates (MSA), the greater the compressive strength of
concrete. The bigger aggregates result in a larger ITZ (Inter-facial Transition Zone)
which refers to the weak binder zone around the aggregates which is more susceptible
to cracks. This increases the chances of cracks occurring (9)

2.SPLIT TENSILE:
 The split tensile strength results at the age of 28 days indicate a decreasing trend
of strength when the content of recycled aggregate is increased (7).
 Using super plasticizer enhanced the reduction in splitting tensile force by 4% (7).
 In general, the split tensile strength of the concrete was reduced significantly with
increase in RC and RF content, except for RF25% (4).
 The control concrete achieved a split tensile strength of 3.68 MPa after 28 days of
curing while RF25 concrete mix had a tensile strength of 3.83 MPa (4).
 The splitting tensile strength of RAC was slightly influenced by the replacement
proportion of RA and combination method.
 In the new combination method, the splitting tensile strengths were higher
approximately 5% in comparison with that of specimens following conventional
combination method (2).
3.FLEXURAL STRENGTH:
 Flexural strength testing was conducted according to IS 516 (1959): Method of
Tests for Strength of Concrete on samples with dimensions 10x10x50 cm. The
beam specimen is simply supported on two rollers of 4.5 cm diameter (15).
 The flexural strength mean value for the control specimen is 3.05 MPa which
reaches to the amount of 3.42 and 3.51 MPa by replacing 50% and 100% natural
aggregates with recycled aggregates, respectively (5).