Cells, Tissues, Organs, organ systems and

Organisms
Cells are the basic unit of an organism, e.g nerve cell, red blood cell, palisade cell(in
plant)
Tissue is a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared
function, e.g. group of muscle cells form muscle tissue, group of xylem cells make up
xylem tissue(in plant)
Organs is a structure made up of group of tissues, working together to perform a
specific function, e.g. heart, lungs, stomach, leaf(plant)
An Organ system is a group of organs with related functions, working together to
perform a body function digestive system circulatory system, root system(in plant)
An organism is formed by the organs and systems working together to produce an
independent plant or animal.
 Plants as living organisms
Leaf as an organ
leaves make sugars by photosynthesis
 Top and bottom layers of leaf is form a tissue called epidermis.
which let light through to mesophyll cells and prevent evaporation of water.
 Photosynthesis is done by cells inside the leaf, in tissues
called palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.
 These cells need a supply of water, which brought to them
by tissue called xylem vessels.
 Sugar that they make is carried to other parts of the plant
inside tissues called phloem tubes.
 Stomata are openings allow gases to move in and out of the leaf.
A plant leaf is an example of an organ because it is made of
tissues called epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll, xylem
And phloem.
 Other organs of plants are root, stem, but and flower. Together with all the organs make yo the organism – the plant
Here is a simple diagram of leaf structure for you to draw into the notebook.
Animals as living organisms
Why stomach is said to be an organ?

 Stomach is organ which stores food and digests food.

 Stomach is made of muscles, which form muscle tissue.
 Inner surface of stomach is lined with a tissue called epithelium
that secrete mucus, which helps the food slide by.
 In the lining there are gland cells form tissue, which secrete digestive juice to
break down food.
 All these tissues form the organ called stomach. Stomach and other digestive
organs form digestive system.
 There are many kinds of cells in animals’ bodies and they form many kinds
tissues. These in turn form groups to make organs, systems and the organism
itself- the animal