Lab Images

1. Cardiovascular Lab
 -elastic fibers
-blood vessels (vasa vasorum)
-nerves

Tunica Intima
-simple squamous e
Aorta -subendothelial con
-fibrocytes, collagen
Tunica Media - internal elastic lam

-thickest layer
-notice collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and myocytes (smooth muscle cells)
 th
ub-
ctive

um
Lymph Lab-Thymus (young), longitudinal
view
In adults, there is much more
subcutaneous tissue in the thymus, pretty
easy to recognize.
Hassel’s corpuscles
Thymus-
cortex

Medulla
 thymocytes

epithelial reticular cells

Figure 12–6 Light micrograph of a lobule of the thymus (×124). The peripheral cortex (C) stains darker than the central medulla (M)
that is distinguished by the presence of Hassall's corpuscles (H).
Copyright 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Thymus: Thymus, young, H&E, 40X (cortex [darker,
developing T cells], medulla [lighter], epithelial
reticular cells, Hassall's corpuscles.
• Red pulp Contains small arteries, capillaries (type I capillaries), venous
sinuses (sinusoidal capillaries), and diffuse lymphoid tissue in the form of
cords
• White pulp Consist of arterial vessels as periarterial lymphoid sheaths
(PALS). Most of the inner cells of PALS are re-circulating T cells, but
nodules containing B lymphocytes also occur
Trabecula
Capsule
White pulp

Red pulp

http://medcell.med.yale.edu Trabecular artery

Red pulp

The red pulp is mainly filled with venous sinuses (VS) , which contain red blood
cells. The sinuses are lined by elongated, spindle shaped endothelial cells (E) . Slits
between the endothelial cells allow viable red blood cells to squeeze into the
sinuses from the splenic parenchyma. These sinuses eventually drain into the
splenic vein. Surrounding the sinuses is the parenchyma (P) , which contains
lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, etc. Another term for this parenchyma
tissue is the cords of Billroth. http://medcell.med.yale.edu
peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) mantle zone

marginal
zone

central artery germinal center

http://medcell.med.yale.edu
Spleen-white pulp
• Germinal Center (made up
cells)
• Central artery is surrounde
PALS (made up of T-cells)
Lymph: 1 - cortex 2 - paracortical zone 3 - medulla 4 - medullary cords 5
- lymphoid follicle of the cortex 6 - capsule 7 - subcapsular sinus 8 - cortical sinus
Lymph Node

Efferent
lymphatic vessel

Artery and
vein
 Secondary lymphoid
Primary lymphoid follicle (with germinal Germinal
Capsule – dense follicle (mostly B center) center (B-
connective tissue cells) cells)
enclosing the node

Paracortex (T-
cells) – darker
part

Medullary sinus: where

lymph flows before exiting
Paracortex

High
endothelial
venule (HEV)
Slide usually on exam

HEV **simple cuboidal epithelia

killer T –cells are binding to High

Endothelial Venules (HEV) then migrate to
Paracortex.
 Medullary cord
capsule
trabecula

Medulla

Paracortex containing T-cells

Follicle containing B-cells

http://medcell.med.yale.edu
 Lymphoid
follicle

Germinal
center
Dendritic cell

Lymphocyte B cell
mantle

High endothelial venule (HEV)

MALT (Tonsils)

crypt
Lymph
Follicle
Digestive System Lab
Esophagus
• 1. Esophagus, slide no. 97-99
• Locate the lining epithelium: stratified squamous non-keratinized.
• Look at the muscularis externa, which part of the esophagus is it
taken from?
• - middle third of the esophagus.
• Look at the adventitia (cervical/thoracic part) and serosa (abdominal
part)
with smooth
-from slide box
• The esophagus is a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.
• The wall of the esophagus is composed of the four layers characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract:
• Mucosa (or mucous membrane)
• Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium
• Lamina Propria - dense irregular connective tissue.
• Muscularis Mucosa - smooth muscle.
• Submucosa - dense irregular connective tissue.
• Mucus Glands - only the esophagus and the duodenum have glands in the submucosa.
• Ducts - usually have cuboidal or stratified cuboidal epithelium.
• Muscularis Externa - contains both smooth and skeletal muscle because this specimen is from the middle
third of the esophagus.
• Inner Layer - circular layer of muscle cells
• Outer Layer - longitudinal layer of muscle cells
• Auerbach's (or myenteric) plexus is found between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa.
• Adventitia - absent in this specimen.
Esophagus
The lumen of the esophagus, lined by a thick,
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium. Part of mucosal a
The lamina propria houses esophageal cardiac
glands, which produce a mucoid secretion.
The muscularis mucosae is unusual in that it consists
of only a single layer of longitudinally oriented
smooth muscle fibers.
The submucosa of the esophagus is composed of a
dense, fibroelastic connective tissue, which houses
the esophageal glands proper. These tubuloacinar
glands produce a mucous secretion. Meisner’s
submucosal plexus is present in the submucosa.
The muscularis externa of the esophagus is arranged
in two layers, inner circular and outer longitudinal.
However, these muscle layers are unusual in that
they are composed of both skeletal and smooth
muscle fibers. The muscularis externa of the upper
third of the esophagus has mostly skeletal muscle;
the middle third has both skeletal and smooth
muscle; and the lowest third has only smooth muscle
fibers. Auerbach’s plexus occupies its usual position
between the inner circular and outer longitudinal
smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa.
The esophagus is covered by an adventitia until it
pierces the diaphragm, after which it is covered by a
serosa.
Stomach
• 2. Stomach, slide no. 100
• Locate the lining epithelium
________________.
• Try to find the different type of
cells in the gastric pit/gland:
mucous neck cell, chief, parietal,
DNES, regenerating (stem) cells.
Mucous neck cells

Parietal (pink)
 Parietal cell

Chief cells
(purple)

Mainly mucous neck cells at the pits, then deeper mainly parietal cells, even deeper
mainly chief cells
 Muscularis mucosa

submucosa
3 MUSCLE LAYERS:

1) Inner oblique
layer
 2) Middle circular
layer

3) Outer
longitudinal layer

Adventitia
 DNES cells

Cell Hormone Action

A Glucagon Stimulate glycogenolysis

D Somatostatin Inhibits hormone release

from other DNES cells
ECL Histamine Stimulated HCl secretion

G Gastrin Stimulate HCl secretion,

gastric motility
Small Intestine
• 3. Small intestine, slide no. 102
• Locate the lining epithelium
simple columnar with brush
border (microvilli).
• Locate the villi, crypts of
Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands).
• Can you see goblet cells and the
enterocytes?
• Can you differentiate between
duodenum, jejunum and ileum?
 crypts of Lieberkuhn

Villi
Small Intestine
• 3. Small intestine, slide no. 102
• Locate the lining epithelium
_______________.
• Locate the villi, crypts of
Lieberkuhn and intestinal
glands.
• Can you see goblet cells and the
enterocytes?
• Can you differentiate betweenileum
jejunum
duodenum, jejunum and ileum?
• The small intestine is specialized for dig
functions. It receives the acidic chyme f
Digestion requires a neutral pH that is a
from Brunner's glands and the exocrine
• The small intestine is divided into three
• Duodenum - proximal portion adjacent
• Villi - tall, slender finger-like projections t
lumen.
• Brunner's Glands - only region of the gast
with the esophagus) with glands in the su
• Jejunum - middle portion.
• Villi - tall, slender finger-like projections t
lumen.
• No submucosal glands.
• Ileum - distal portion adjacent to the lar
• Villi - short, broad finger-like projections
• Cells that are lining these glands
secrete alkaline mucus into the
crypts of Lieberkuhn thus this
secretion would find itself in the
lumen. There it serves to
neutralize the acid contents
which arrives from the stomach.
Large Intestine
• 4. Large intestine, slide no. 106,
107
• Locate the four layers, do you
see any blood vessels?
MUCOSA: epithelium
(enterocytes and globlet
cells), crypts of
Lieberkuhn)
SUBMUCOSA

MUSCULARIS
EXTERNA: inner
circular layer, outer
longitudinal layer

ADVENTITIA – not here

adventitia Muscularis externa

submucosa
mucosa
• Glands:
• 1. Liver, slide no. 114, 115
• Look at the different hepatic features: classic lobule, portal lobule,
central vein hepatic sinusoids perisinusoidal space. Hepatocyte and
Kupffer
• 2. Pancreas: slides no. 119, 120
• Two parts : exocrine – produce digestive juice and endocrine – produce
hormones
• Exocrine serous acinar cells
• Endocrine – formed in islets of Langerhans
Urinary Sytem Lab
• Kidney
• Ureter
• Blader

• He wants us to understand the handshake between the vascular

system and the urinary system
Blood circulation
Kidney, injected
• This section of the kidney is injected with a specific dye which
emphasizes the blood circulation in the kidney. Try to identify all the
circulatory components of the kidney.
Kidney
• On a macro level please look at this slide without using the
microscope. Identify the cortex, medulla, papilla and calyx. Under
the microscope try to find all the components of the functional unit of
the kidney the uriniferous tubule, the nephron (proximal and distal
convoluted and straight tubule, renal corpuscle, glomerulus, bowman
capsule) and the collecting duct.
• At a higher magnification locate the juxtaglomerular apparatus, try to
see the afferent and efferent arterioles, and macula densa within the
distal convoluted tubule.
Nephron
Two types of nephrons are found in the human kidney: shorter
cortical nephrons and longer juxtamedullary nephrons, whose
renal corpuscle is located in the cortex and whose tubular parts
are located in the medulla. The specific locations of the two
types of nephrons, the cellular composition of their various
regions, and the specific alignments of these regions in register
with one another permit the subdivision of the medulla into an
outer zone and an inner zone. The outer zone of the medulla is
further subdivided into an outer stripe and an inner stripe.
Unless otherwise noted, all of the descriptions in this textbook
refer to juxtamedullary nephrons, even though they constitute
only 15% of all nephrons.
Each juxtamedullary nephron is about 40 mm long. The
constituent parts of the nephron are modified to perform
specific physiological functions. The renal corpuscle, with its
attendant glomerulus, filters the fluid expressed from the
bloodstream. The subsequent tubular portions of the nephron
(i.e., the proximal tubule, the thin limbs of Henle’s loop, and
the distal tubule) modify the filtrate to form urine.
For more information see the Nephron section in Chapter 19 of Gartner and
Hiatt: Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 2007.

Figure 19–2 Light micrograph of the kidney cortex in a monkey, illustrating renal
corpuscles (R), medullary ray (M), and cross-sectional profiles of the uriniferous tubules
(×132). A portion of the urinary space (S) is clearly evident at the periphery of the renal
corpuscle and is bound by the simple squamous epithelium composing the parietal layer
(P) of Bowman’s capsule.
• The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
• Renal Corpuscle - spherical structures with an average diameter of 200 µm distributed
throughout the cortex.
• Bowman's Capsule - encloses the glomerulus.
• Parietal Layer - simple squamous epithelium that lines the outer wall of the capsule.
• Visceral Layer - podocytes cover the glomerular capillaries. These cells have large ovoid nuclei.
• Bowman's Space - the space between the parietal and visceral layers that receives the ultrafiltrate.
• Glomerulus - blood flowing through a capillary network (or tuft) undergoes filtration to produce the
ultrafiltrate.
• Glomerular Capillaries - supplied by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole.
• Podocytes - cover the surface of the glomerular capillaries and form narrow (~25 nm) filtration slits. These cells
have large ovoid nuclei.
• Mesangial Cells - large cells with irregularly shaped nuclei that have phagocytic and contractile function.
• Vascular Pole - where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter and exit the glomerulus.
• Urinary Pole - where the ultrafiltrate exits Bowman's space and a proximal convoluted tubule begins.
• Proximal Convoluted Tubule - begins from the urinary pole of a renal corpuscle.
• Seen only in cross-section (#1, #2 and #3) in the cortex because of their tortuous or convoluted
course.
• Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium with an irregular, often stellate shaped lumen.
• Eosinophilic (compared to distal tubules and ducts).
• Proximal Straight Tubule (Thick Descending Limb of Henle's Loop) - descends from the
cortex into the medulla.
• Seen as longitudinal sections (#1 and #2) in medullary rays and cross-section in the medulla.
• Similar in morphology to proximal convoluted tubule.
• Thin Descending and Ascending Limbs (of Henle's Loop) - continuation of proximal
straight tubule within the medulla that makes a hairpin turn and returns to the cortex.
• Seen in cross-section in the medulla.
• Simple squamous epithelium.
• Distal Straight Tubule (Thick Ascending Limb of Henle's Loop) - continuation of the
thin ascending limb that ascends from the medulla to the cortex.
• Seen as longitudinal sections (#1 and #2) within medullary rays and in cross-section in the
medulla.
• Simple cuboidal epithelium with an uniform lumen and indistinct boundaries between
cells.
• Neutral staining (compared to eosinophilic, proximal convoluted and straight tubules).
• Macula Densa - tightly packed cells where the distal straight tubule contacts the
afferent arteriole of the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
• Distal Convoluted Tubule - empty into a collecting tubule.
• Seen in cross-section (#1, #2 and #3) in the cortex because of their tortuous or convoluted
course.
• Similar in morphology to distal straight tubule.
• Collecting Ducts - drain urine from the nephrons.
• Collecting Ducts - convey urine from nephrons to collecting ducts within
medullary rays.
• Collecting ducts drain into a minor calyx at the apex of a renal pyramid.
• Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium with well-defined boundaries
between cells.
• Duct cells are lightly stained.
the lining of proximal convoluted tubule, a s
epithelium blanketed with microvilli, increas
for re-absorption
Ureter
• Try to find the different layers of the ureter: mucosa, lamina propria
and muscularis.
• How many layers of muscle you can see and what are their
orientation?
• What is the type of the lining epithelium?
Ureter Layers
Ureter
• How many layers of muscle you can
see and what are their orientation?
• There are two layers of muscle
• Inner longitudinal layer
• Outer circular layer
Ureter
• What is the type of the lining
epithelium?
• Transitional epithelium
Bladder
• Try to find the different layers: mucosa, lamina propria and muscularis
• How many layers of muscle you can see and what are their
orientation?
• What is the type of the lining epithelium?
Bladder
• Very similar to ureter

• Lamina propria
• muscularis
• mucosa
Bladder – lamaina propria
Bladder - muscularis  3 LAYERS
Inner circular layer

Middle longitudinal layer

Outer circular layer

Bladder lining – transitional epithelium
Reproductive Lab: Female Systems
Ovary, slide no. 159

• Locate the different follicles: Primordia, primary, secondary and graafian. Try to
find the corpus luteum. Make sure that you see all the different parts of the
follicles; theca (int. ext.), oocyte, zona pellucida, cumulus oophorus, corona
radiate.
 Ovarian Follicles

• Dev. Stages:
• Primordial
• Primary
• Secondary
• graafian
 Primordial
primary oocyte
• ~25 mm diameter
single layer of flat follicular
(granulosa) cells, separated
from stroma by basement
membrane.
• Have desmosomes (tight
connections)
 Primary follicle
primary oocyte
Growth to 125-150 mm diam.
• follicular cells
a. cuboidal cells
b. 1 to many layers
c. gap junctions
• Zona pellucida appears and
separate the oocyte from the
folicullar cells
Primary follicle
Secondary Follicle
Theca folliculi (from
Still hav
stromal cells)
granulos
Theca interna surround
1) source of estradiol
precursor
2) LH receptors
Theca externa
1) CT
Secondary follicle
1. antrum
a. liquor folliculi
GAG, proteoglycans, hormones
(progesterone, estradiol, folliostatin, Theca i
activin)

2. cumulus oophorus The

3. oocyte at maximal
diameter
4. 1st meiotic division
Late secondary Follicle early graafian

Thecas

Antral
Cavity

Corona
Radiata

Cumulus
Oophorus
Secondary Follicle Graafian (tertiary) Follicle

Thecas

Antral
Cavity

Corona
Radiata

Cumulus
Oophorus
Corona Radiata Zona Pellucida Cumulus Oophorus Theca Interna
Basem

Oocyte

High Mag –Graafian Follicle

Follicular Epithelium

Basem

Theca Interna

Theca Externa

High Mag –Graafian Follicle

Uterine (oviduct/fallopian) tube slide no. 163

• Locate the different layers try to see the differences between the cells
within the epithelial tissue.
Uterus, slides no.165, 166, 167

• Make sure that you can see myometrium and endometrium.

Endometreium is innermost layer and has a columnar lining
epithelium with both ciliated and secretory cells. Remember this
epithelium is subjected to changes due to the menstrual cycle, thus
giving us two types basalis and functionalis. The the connective tissue
underlining the epithelium has many uterine glands.
• The myometrium is a muscular tissue (what is the muscle
orientation?). The muscle are undergoing hypertrophy during
pregnancy.
Uterus

PERIMETRIUM, MYOMETRIUM, ENDOMETRIUM

Exam Question:
• My exam question for the • Answer is B
female reproductive system is:
What layer of the uterus is shed
during the menstrual phase?
a. functional layer of
myometrium
b. functional layer of
endometrium
c. basal layer of myometrium
d. epimetrium
 ENDOMETRIUM

TWO LAYERS:

(1) FUNCTIONAL LAYER (stratum functionalis)

- BORDERS UTERINE LUMEN
- SLOUGHED OFF AT MENSTRATION
- CONTAINS UTERINE GLANDS

(2) BASAL LAYER (stratum basale)

- RETAINED AT MENSTRATION
- SOURCE OF CELLS FOR REGENERATION OF
FUNCTIONAL LAYER
Vagina, slide no. 171 - Locate the different lining epithelium

• .
• The vagina is a fibromuscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the vestibule of the external
genitalia. It is kept moist by mucus produced by cervical glands.
• The vaginal wall is composed of three layers:
• Mucosa - contains numerous transverse folds (or rugae).
• Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium
• Estrogen promotes the storage of glycogen in the middle and upper layers of the epithelium.
• As epithelial cells are exfoliated, glycogen is released and metabolized by bacteria producing lactic acid. This lowers the pH in the
lumen and inhibits the growth of pathogens.
• Lamina propria - dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen and elastic fibers.
• No glands are present.
• Muscularis - composed of two indistinct layers of smooth muscle. An inner circular layer and a much
thicker, outer longitudinal layer.
• Adventitia - composed of an inner layer of dense connective tissue and an outer layer of loose connective
tissue. (Not found in this specimen.)
• There are no Meissner's or Pacinian corpuscles in the vaginal wall (unlike skin).
• (The vagina is often confused with the esophagus. However, it does not have a muscularis mucosa or
 VAGINA

MUCOSA
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
LAMINA PROPRIA

NO GLANDS

MUSCULARIS
INNER CIRCULAR
OUTER LONGITUDINAL

ADVENTITIA
Male Reproductive system
Objectives

• Be familiar with the different parts of the male reproductive

“tubing” , from the seminal vesicles through the ductus efferent,
epididemis, vas deferens and the penis.
• Understand the roles of the seminal vesicles and the prostate.
• In all the above know what is the lining epithelium that lines the
lumen.
Testis
• Try to identify the three different tunics (vaginalis, albuginea and
vascularis).
• Locate a lobule, find the lumen and the surrounding smooth muscle
then find the different stages of the developing spermatozoa
( spermatogenia, spermatocyte, spermatid and maybe even
spermatozoa).
• Find Sertoli cells what is their function, find Leydig cells what are their
function?
 Testis
Outer layer called tunica vaginalis (visceral
part) – simple squamous epithelium
Middle layer called the tunica albuginea is
composed of dense collagenous fibrous
tissue.
Inner layer tunica vasculosa is primarily
loose irregular with lots of blood vessels.
Epididymis and ductuli efferent
• Find out what is the
difference between
the two (what type
of epithelium and
do you see and cilia
or “stereocilia”.

stereocilia

Columnar epithelia on its surface with large microvilli known as

sterocilia (not cilia – cannot move)
Ductus eferens
- Lined by pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
- Have true cilia (NOT stereocilia) –
capable of movement
Vas Deferens
• Try to locate the lumen and identify the lining epithelium, can you see
“stereocilia”?
• What other layers can you see, how many muscle layers?
Ductus deferens or vas deferens
• Wall consists of three layers of smooth muscle
(two longitudinal and one central circular)
• Lumen is lined with pseudostratified columnar
epithelium that is thrown into folds.

lumen
EXTRA – COMPARE DUCTUS TO
URETHRA

urethra
Penis
• locate the three corpuses, 2 cavernosa and on
spongiosum, where is the urethra located. Can
you see the blood chambers?
Corpora Blood chamber
cavernosa

urethra Corpora spongiosum

Prostate
• What is the tissue type that is between
the glands. What do the gland secrete?
• contains citric acid, the enzyme fibrinolysin
(liquefies the semen), acid phosphatase, a
number of other enzymes and lipids
• Neutralizes vagina acidity

Connective tissue and smooth

muscle between the glands
- Smooth muscle squeezes out
fluid during ejaculation
Tongue and Endocrine
Glands
Tongue
• Please try to identify the different types of lingual papillae:
• Filiform papillae
• Fungiform papilla
• Foliate papillae
• Circumvallate papillae
• Where are they located on the tongue what are their function?
• Draw the circumvallate papillae.
• Try to locate the taste bud.
Filiform Papillae • V-shaped cones – DON’T contain taste
buds
• Most abundant – cover most of dorsal
tongue
• mechanical papillae
• Characterized increased keratinization
• covered by stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium and help to scrape
food off a surface
Filiform Papillae
Dr. Sovak said that this
picture WILL BE ON THE
EXAM
Q: Does this have any taste
buds?
A: No
Fungiform Papillae
- Resemble
mushrooms
- Covered by stratified
squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium
- HAVE TASTE BUDS
ON THE DORSAL
ASPECT OF THEIR
CAP
Foliate Papillae

• Located along the posterolateral aspect of the

tongue
• appear as vertical furrows
• Have functional taste buds ONLY in the neonate
Circumvallate Papillae

• There are 8 to 12 large

circumvallate papillae in a
V-shaped arrangement just
anterior to the sulcus
terminalis
Circumvallate Papillae - where are the taste
buds located?

The epithelial lining of the groove and the side, NOT THE DORSUM
Where are they located on the tongue?
Thyroid Gland
• Locate the follicle and the follicular cells (production of steroid
hormones T4 and T3 ). In between the follicles, try to locate the para-
follicular cells (secrete calcitonin ).
• Para-Thyroid gland, locate the principle/chief cells which secrete the
parathyroid hormone.
Adrenal gland

• Identify the capsule, cortex and medulla. Within the cortex, find three
layers: (1) zona glomerulosa, (2) zona fasciculata, and (3) zona
reticularis. You should be aware of which layers of the cortex are
responsible for the production of specific corticosteroids. Identify the
medulla and locate the chromafin cells that secrete catecholamine
hormones.
 s ule osa
p l
Ca eru
glo m
o na
Z

l ata
s icu
a fa
n
Zo

l aris
cu
reti
ds secreted o na
Z

ulla
ed
M
 Cortex
Zona glomerulosa
These cells secrete aldosterone which is
a minaralocorticoid.
Aldosterone acts on the kidney . By
Increasing reabsorption of sodium it
promotes adjustment of water and thus
changes in blood pressure.

Zona fasiculata
Cells are in columns and make 70% of the
cortex.
The cells are filed with lipids which
corresponds to the production of the
hormone cortisol.
Increases glucose level in the blood as
response to stress. Cortisol prevents the
release of substances in the body that
cause inflammation.
 Zona reticularis
Secrete androgenic steroids that are
converted in other areas in the body to
active androgens and estrogens.

Medulla
The cells in the medullary region are originated
from the neuroectoderm .
These cells are called also chromaffin cells.
The secrete catecholamine hormones.
The secretion is at pick in response to “fight or
flight”
Adrenalin, noradrenalin and also opioids and
substance P.