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1. Loose CT - areolar tissue

- white ECM rich in GAG
- thick collagen fibres (Type I)
- thin, elastic fibers
- contains fibrocytes and fibroblasts

2. Mast cell - found in loose connective tissue

- small granules filled with histamine, heparin and cytosine

3. Dense regular CT - tendons and ligaments

- minimal ECM
- made up of type I collagen
- main cell= fibrocyte

4. Dense irregular - dermis of skin

CT - type 1 collagen
- no abundance of cells
- mainly fibroblasts and fibrocytes

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5. White adipose - cells with single, large lipid droplets (unilocular fat cells)
tissue - subcutaneous tissue

6. Brown adipose - cells with multiple, small lipid droplets (multilocular fat
tissue cells)

7. Hyaline cartilage - trachea

- many isogenous groups (chondrocytes)
- perichondrium
- type II collagen
- reduces friction at joints and provides support

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8. Elastic cartilage - epiglottis

- no isogenous groups
- many cells with not a lot of ECM
- bound by perichondrium on both sides
- lacunae containing chondrocytes
- type II collagen

9. Fibrocartilage - shock absorber

- deepens socket at certain joints
- "pearls on a string"
- no perichondrium
- type I collagen
- main cell is chondrocytes

10. Spongy Bone - osteoblasts line trabeculae

- "squished" osteoprogenitor cells
- osteocytes trapped in lacunae surrounding bone
- bone marrow

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11. Compact bone - main unit of bone- osteon
- Haversian canal- no osteoblasts lining area because
bone has matured
- surrounded by lamellae
- cement line "glues" adjacent osteon
- dark dots are osteocytes
- small lines are caniculli- bring nutrients from Haversian
canal into each osteocyte, helping maintain the bone

12. Volksman canal - compact bone

- connects 2 adjacent osteons
- transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone
and communicate with the Haversian canals
- provide energy and nourishment for osteons

13. intramembra- - bone develops from mesenchymal cells

nous ossification - mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, creat-
ing primary bone
- osteoblasts become trapped to form osteocytes
- osteoclasts destroy bone and have multiple nuclei

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14. Howship lacunae Depressions of resorbed bone that house osteoclasts

15. Endochondral - formation of long bone via ossification

ossification - resting zone: hyaline cartilage rests until they get signal
to proliferate
- zone of proliferation: chondrocytes stack in rows
- zone of hypertrophy- chondrocytes and lacunae increase
in size; macrophages invade region and destroy debris
- zone of calcification- osteoblasts deposit bone formation

16. Lympocyte - 25- 35%

- small, dense nuclei with little cytoplasm
- part of immune response
- B- lymphocytes- bone marrow, produce antibodies that
attack bacteria
- T- lymphocytes- thymus

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17. Monocyte - 3- 8%
- large, kidney shaped nucleus
- differentiate into macrophages, which phagocytize and
destroy dead and defective cells, as well as bacteria
- major role in immune response

18. Neutrophils - most abundant

- respond to bacterial infections
- multi- lobed nucleus connected to each other by chro-
matin

19. Eosenophils - less than 4%

- function in parasitic infections
- bind to histamine
- bi- lobed nuclei with 2 lobs connected by chromatin and
a nuclear envelope

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20. Basophils - less than 1%

- S shaped nucleus and specific granules
- several surface receptors in their plasmalemma (IgE
receptors)
- fight parasitic infections, prevent blood clotting, contain
heparin (mediate allergic reactions)

21. Platelets - dark blue spots

- aid in blood clotting, release collagen and other clotting
factors (refer to notes)

22. Smooth Muscle - Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of
the body
- non striated, uninucleated
- myocite with elongated nucleus

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23. Skeletal muscle - voluntary, striated and multinucleated

- muscles attached to bone for voluntary movement

24. Organization of - perimysium: cover fibre bundles

skeletal muscle - epimysium- covers entire muscle
fibres - endomysium- cover individual fibers

25. Cardiac muscle - uninucleated, involuntary

tissue - combo of smooth and striated
- individual myocite
- intercalated discs: bind cardiac muscles and transmit
signals between cells

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26. Purkinje fibers - near endocardium

- look like "blocks"
- specialized conducting fibers

27. Muscle spindle - a sensory receptor located in a muscle that senses its
tension
- intramural with many nuclear blocks

28. stratum corneum - outermost layer of epidermis

- made up of dead keratoniocytes

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29. stratum lucidum - a layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the
fingers, palms, and soles
- no organelles

30. stratum granulo- - a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between
sum the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells
of the more superficial strata

31. stratum spin- - keratinocytes are bound together by desmosomes

osum

32. stratum basale - deepest layer of epidermis

- contains stem cells, melanocytes and Merkel cells (can-
not see)

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33. epidermal papil- - epithelial extensions that project into underlying tissue to
lae form rete apparatus

34. thin skin - epidermal layer much thinner

- stratum corneum is 3-4 layers
- void of stratum lucidum
- one layer of stratum granulosum cells
- 2-3 layers of stratum spinosum and 1 layer of basale cells

35. Meissner's cor- - tactile organs sensitive to touch

puscles - found in dermal papillae

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36. Pacinian corpus- - respond to deep pressure and vibration

cles - found in hypodermis
- "half onion"

37. Eccrine sweat Long, coiled tubular glands that secrete salts and excre-
glands tory product including water

38. sebaceous oil glands in the skin

glands

39. melanocytes produce melanin

40. arector pili

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smooth muscle bundle, contracts on cold temperature or
fear, "goosebumps"

41. apocrine sweat - much larger than eccrine

glands - secrete odour (includes wax)

42. Nerve end plate nerve axon ending on muscle

43. Longitudinal as- - nuclei represent Schwann cells

pect of nerve fi- - bloated cells are fibroblasts
bre - pale blue structure is the axon
- dark line is the endoneurum

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44. Cross sectional - looks like bagels

aspect of nerve - covered by endoneurum
fibre - blueish colour in middle is axon/ dendrite, which is cov-
ered by the myelin sheath
- myelin sheath is made by Schwann cells
- endoneurum is made by fibroblasts

45. Neural cell body - notice other cell with nucleus and dendrites
WITH axon

46. Neural cell body - nucleus with nucleolus

WITHOUT axon - dots represent Nissil bodies (ribosomes)
- many ribosomes because cell needs a lot of neurotrans-
mitters

47. Dorsal root gan-

glion

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48. Pseudo-unipolar - cells carry sensation from all around the body
cell - signal moves to cell body then to CNS

49. Multipolar neural - many projections

cell - associated with MOTOR aspect of PNS

50. simple squa- - one layer of squished cells

mous epithelium - face the lumen
(artery) - many RBC's in lumen
- permeable, allows small molecules to pass through

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51. simple squa-
mous epithelium
(vein)

52. simple cuboidal - single layer of cube shaped cells

epithelium - found in kidney
- function: absorption and filtration

53. simple columnar - small intestine

epithelium - brush border structure; made by microvilli (help increase
cell surface, thus absorption)
- goblet cells have mucous in it
- function: secretion, absorption and protection

54. Transitional ep-

ithelium (empty
bladder)

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55. Transitional ep- - cells a bit more squished
ithelium (full
bladder)

56. stratified squa- - esophagus

mous epithelium - non- keratinized

57. Stratified squa- - skin

mous keratinized

58. pseudostratified - seems like multiple layers

ciliated - many cilia moving
columnar - trachea
epithelium

59.
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Glandular epithe- - Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and
lium secrete substances

60. Grandular ep- - bring secretant to oral cavity

ithelium (ducts)

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