CELL’S CHEMICAL
COMPONENTS
CARBOHYDRATES
- major nutrients of cells
- provides both a source of cellular
energy and the starting material for the
synthesis of other cell constituents.
LIPIDS
- they provide an important form of
energy storage.
-lipids are the major components of cell
membranes.
- lipids play important roles in cell
signaling, both as steroid
hormones (e.g., estrogen and testostero
ne) and as messenger molecules that
convey signals from cell surface
receptors to targets within the cell.
NUCLEIC ACID
-principal informational molecules of the
cell.
- DNA and RNa
PROTEIN
-serving as structural components of
cells and tissues,
- acting in the transport and storage of
small molecules (e.g., the transport of
oxygen by hemoglobin),
-transmitting information between cells
(e.g., protein hormones)
- providing a defense against infection
(e.g., antibodies)- ability to act
as enzymes,  mechanical stress
CELL COMPONENTS
RIBOSOME
-protein synthesis (maliliit na bilog)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
SMOOTH ER- drug detoxification
ROUGH ER- transportation of protein,
lipid synthesis
GOLGI APPARATUS
- protein storage (flat, sac-like)
MITOCHONDRIA
- ATP production used for any cellular
processes (bean-like)
CENTRIOLE
-directing mitotic spindles during cell
division (log-shaped)
LYSOSOME
- produces acid hydrolase that engulfs
foreign substances that can damage the
cell “suicide sac (malaking bilog-bilog)
PEROXISOME
--detoxification of hydrogen peroxide
and alcohol (lysosome-like)
CYTOSKELETON
Microtubule – responsible for cell
shape
Intermediate Filaments – resisting
Microfilament – cellular flexibility
CELL DIVISION G2 CHECKPOINT

*somatic cells are all body cells, except - chromosome replication is complete
gametes (sex cells) - no errors and DNA damage
*Karyokinesis (division of nucleus) PROPHASE (early)
INTERPHASE -1 hr
-intact nuclear membrane - start of nuclear envelope disintegration
-visible nucleus -chromosome are pairing up-forming 2
-thread-like duplicated chromosomes sister chromatids with centromere on
the center
-2 pairs of centrioles
- centrioles are moving to the opposite
CELL PHASES poles
G1 (PRESYNTHESIS) - formation of early mitotic spindle
- 10 hrs Kinetochore microtubule- connected
- organelles are being duplicated to chromatids
(except cheromosomes and DNA) Non-KM - not connected
-RNA and DNA are being observed PROMETAPHASE
S (SYNTHESIS) - complete nuclear envelope
-9 hrs disintegration

- DNA and chromosome duplication - shorter and thicker chromatids

occurs -centrioles are on the opposite
G2 (POST-SYNTHESIS) sides/poles

-DNA replication is being completed METAPHASE

-preparing undergo mitosis - sister chromatids are aligned in the

metaphase plane
CHECKPOINT AREAS
ANAPHASE
G1 CHECKPOINT
- sister chromatids will be divided into 2,
- nutrients are present forming daughter chromosomes.
- no DNA damage TELOPHASE
- adequate cell size - “reconstruction”
- growth factors are present - opposite of prophase
- nuclear envelope formation
- nucleolus formation
- daughter chromosomes turned into
long and slender chromatids
- formation of cleavage (indicate to
undergo cytokinesis, forming 2 daughter
cells)
TISSUES
- 4 major tissues (epithelial, connective,
muscle, nervous)
- group of cells that have same function
- Characteristics- free surface (in-
contact with the outer surface of the
organ) basement membrane (structure
of the tissues, in-contact with the
organ)
- protects, secretes, absorbs
EPITHELIAL
1. Simple squamous
- 1 layer, flat, diffusion and filtration,
e.g. lung lining
2. Simple cuboidal
- cube-shaped, 1 layer, secretion and
absorption, e.g. kidney
3. Simple columnar
- rectangular, in-columns, microvilli and
goblet cells that produces mucus for
sweeping away foreign substances,
protection, seceretion and absorption,
e.g. intestine
4. Pseudostratified columnar
- single-layered, have cilia and goblet
cells, proetection and secretion, e.g.
respiratory tract
5. Stratified squamous
- several layers of cells, flat,
accumulated keratin, protection
6. Transitional
-various types/shapes of cells, cube-
shaped, elongated, distensibility and
protection, e.g. urinary bladder
Glandular Epithelium
- produce and secrete substances
-2 types. Endocrine (ductless), Exocrine
(with ducts, can be unicellular [goblet
cells] or multicellular [sweat and salivary
glands])
Types of Glandular Secretion
Merocrine gland
- directly secreted outside the gland,
cells intact (lining of stomach)
Apocrine gland
- shedding a portion of a cell with the
secretion (mammary gland)
Holocrine gland
- whole cell detachment with the
secretion (sebaceous gland)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
-most abundant body tissue
-support, protection, fat storage,
produce blood cells, repair tissue
damage, fills spaces, have matrix
(mesh-like)
3 MAJOR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CELLS
Fibroblast – fixed, most common,
large, star-shaped, produces fiber
Macrophage – histocytes can be
attached or not in the fibers, phagocytic,
defense, “wander cell”
Mast Cell – fixed, release heparin
(prevents blood coagulation) and
histamine (allergic reactions)
CT Proper
Loose- mainly fibroblast, fluid-gel like
matrix, collagenous and elastic fibers
Adipose – adipocytes, cushion, storage
of fat and insulation, kidneys and heart
Reticular – reticular fibers, bronchial
Dense – packed collagenous fibers,
poor blood supply, tendons (muscle to
bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)
Elastic – elastic collagenous fibers,
heart
SPECIALIZED CT
Bone
- solid matrix, protection and support,
formation of blood cells
Cartilage
- hard matrix, poor blood supply
-Hyaline (abundant type, nose and resp.
passages) Elastic (flexible, external ear
and larynx) FibroC (very tough, shock
absorber, under vertebral dsics, knee
pads and pelvic girdle)
Blood
- fluid matrix called plasma (RBC-
oxygen transportation, WBC-1st line of
defense, Platelet- clotting mechanism)
Muscle
-soft tissue
-Skeletal (attached to bones, straight,
voluntary) Smooth (walls of organs/skin,
non-voluntary, not straight) Cardiac
(involuntary, heart)
NEURON- a cell that carries electrical
impulses.
Cell body- life-support center
Nucleus – brain
Axon – Passes message away from cell
body to other parts
Myelin Sheath – covers the axon/speeding
up neuronal impulse
Axon terminal – Junction w/another cell
Node of Ranvier – Action potential
Schwann cell – regeneration / facilitates
phagocytosis during nerve damage.
Dendrite – receiving messages
Neuroglial cell – supporting neuron cells
INTEG. SYSTEM
- Epidermis (upper) Dermis (true)
Subcutaneous (fatty layer)
Epidermis (Upper Layer)
- avascular (no blood supply)
- keratinized
- thickest on palms
- has melanocytes
- stratified squamous
EPIDERMIS LAYERS
Stratum corneum (layers of keratinized
cells) (dead skin)
Stratum lucidum (clear, lucid, nuclei not
visible)
Stratum granulosum (3-5 layers of
granulated cells)
Stratum spinosum (spiney structure)
Stratum basale (single row of
cuboidal/columnar cells, celluar division
occurs, melanocytes are located)
DERMIS (true skin)
- 1.0-2mm thick
- contains dermal papillae
- Papillary minutiae (responsible for our
fingerprint)
- Muscle cells, nerve cells, blood vessels,
hair follicles and gland can be found here.
SUBCUTANEOUS (Fatty Layer)
- “hypodermis
- loose connective tissue – adipose
tissue (insulation)
- rele cutaneum (branches of blood vessel
between dermis and subcutaneous layer,
major blood vessel)
ACCESORY ORGANS OF SKIN
Hair follicles – epidermal cells, tube-like
depression, extends into dermis, (hair shaft,
root, papilla), dead epidermal cells, arrector
pili muscle (goosebumps)
Epidermal Melanocytes – producing hair
color, eumelanin (dark), pheomelanin
(blonde), albino (no melanocytes),
incomplete in iron levels in the melanin
(red), mixture of pigmented and
unpigmented melanocytes (grey)
* structure/texture of hair depends on its
shape:
Straight (round) Wavy (semi-oval)
Curly (Oval) Coil (flat)
Nail – protective covering of fingertips
-nail plate/nail bed/lunula (active grow
region, moon-shaped)
Sebacious gland – contains holocrine
gland, secretes sebum, absent on palms
and soles
Sweat gland – sudonferous glands,
hypodermis layer
Eccrine (not connected, active throughout
life palms, forehead, soles)
Apocrine (activated during puberty,
emotional stress, sexual stimulation, axillary
area, nipple area, inguinal area)
Ceruminous (earwax)
Mammary gland (Specialized sweat gland,
breastmilk- specialized sweat)
Sensory receptors (free nerve endings
and meissner’s cell- superficial light touch,
merkel’s/ruffini’s cells- touch pressure,
pacinian corpuscle - vibration
* mouth corners, lips, external repro. Organ
(no hair follicle but with sebaceous gland)
SKIN THERMOREGULATION
Skin -> hypothalamus -> blood vessel ->
either dilate (vasodilation when hot-sweat)
or constrict vasoconstriction when cold –
shiver)