Cell

Specialisation
Throughout
Human Body
Name: Tan Qing Lin (47)

Class: Sr1ScB
Content page
o Bone cell (Osteocytes)……………………………………pg 2
♂ Introduction of Osteocytes
♂ Cell diagram of Osteocytes

o Muscle cell (Smooth muscle)………………………….pg 4

♂ Introduction of smooth muscle cell
♂ Cell diagram of smooth muscle cell

o Blood cell (Monocytes)…………………………………….pg 6

♂ Introduction of Monocytes
♂ Cell diagram of Monocytes

o Liver cell (Hepatocyte)……………….………………...pg 8

♂ Introduction of Hepatocyte
♂ Cell diagram of Hepatocyte

o Epithelial cell (Goblet cell)…………………….……..pg 10

♂ Introduction of Goblet cell
♂ Cell diagram of Goblet cell

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o Sex cell (Sperm cell)….………………………….……….pg 12
♂ Introduction of Sperm cell
♂ Cell diagram of Sperm cell

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 Bone Cell (Osteocyte)
Osteocyte is a mature bone cell that maintain the bone matrix. They are the most common cell
type in bone. Osteocytes do not divide and have an average half-life of 25 years.

Formation: - osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts

Function: - osteocytes synthesize sclerostin

- transmission of signals over long distances
- capable of bone deposition and resorption
- maintain mineral concentration of matrix

Structure: - contains a nucleus which located toward vascular side with one or two nucleoli
- has a reduced size endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
- granular endoplasmic reticulum is present but is less abundant than in the
osteoid osteocytes.
- cell processes that radiate towards the mineralizing matrix
- has cytoplasmic processes which extend into the bone canaliculi

Definition: - osteocytes form an extensive connecting syncitial network via small

cytoplasmic/dendritic processes in canaliculi
- osteocyte undergrow self-preservation by localized parts of the cytoplasm and
intracellular organelles within autophagic vacuoles for delivery to lysosomes for
degradation
- Mother and daughter centrioles change their original mutual orientation during
the osteocyte differentiation process

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Cell diagram of Osteocyte:

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 Muscle Cell (Smooth muscle)
Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle. They are available in
stomach, intestines, urinary bladder and uterus. It is divided into single-unit (unitary) and
multiunit smooth muscle.

Characteristic: - smooth muscle cells contract slower than skeletal muscle cells
- they are stronger, more sustained and require less energy
- smooth muscle cell is in spindle-shaped

Function: - it plays an important role in the ducts of exocrine glands.

- transport of the chyme through wavelike contractions of the intestinal tube
- muscles in bladder wall contract to expel urine from your body
- help to push babies out of the uterus during childbirth
- pupillary sphincter muscle (smooth muscle) shrinks the size of pupil

Structure: - have single elongated nuclei

- does not contain centrioles
- contain thin and thick contractile filaments which fill most of the cytoplasm
- have large number of mitochondria (elongated mitochondria)

Definition: - smooth muscle cell have large number of mitochondria due to the demand energy
in the form of ATP
- contractile filaments are needed in order to from the contraction and
relaxation within the cells

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Cell diagram of Smooth muscle cell:

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 Blood cell (Monocyte)
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell. They are the largest type of leukocyte and there are at
least three subclasses of monocytes in human blood.

Formation: - produced by the bone marrow from precursors called monoblasts

Characteristic: - Monocytes are amoeboid in appearance

- compose 2% to 10% of all leukocytes in the human body
- half of the monocytes are stored in the spleen in adult human
- can develop into macrophages, dendritic cells and Langhans-type giant cells

Function: - monocytes are phagocytosis

- opsonising bacteria, viruses, and fungi
- act as an antigen presentation
- cytokine production
- remove dead cells

Structure: - have a granulated cytoplasm

- have a larger amount of cytoplasm in relation to the size of the nucleus
- The cytoplasm of a monocyte is a dull blue-grey colour
- nucleus may be kidney shaped or bean shaped
- vacuoles are existed in monocytes

Definition: - monocytes will sometimes form pseudopod in order to opsonise foreign particles
- it has more lysosome in order to digest particles
- the vacuoles contain chemicals (digestive enzymes) to trap particles for digestion

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Cell diagram of Monocytes:

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 Liver cell (Hepatocyte)
The hepatocytes are epithelial cells of the liver. They are the most abundant type of cell in the
human liver. No commercial cell lines are able to maintain the highly specific liver uptake
mechanisms in cell culture

Characteristic: -hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver

Function: - hepatocytes synthesise and secrete bile (a liquid that aids in digesting fats)
- play an important role in building proteins
- protein storage
- carry out detoxification (exp: drugs, alcohol and steroids)
- they form fatty acids from carbohydrates and metabolise many of the lipids from
the systemic circulation
- Lipid metabolism

Structure: - hepatocytes are round cells

- usually only contains one nucleus
- two nuclei are common
- have large number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- reflecting numerous mitochondria

Definition: - endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and mitochondria enable them to carry
out their key functions in the liver
- they utilise their abundance of endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise proteins

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Cell diagram of Hepatocyte:

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 Epithelial cell (Goblet cell)
Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins. Goblet cells
are found scattered among other cells in the epithelium of many organs, especially in the
intestinal and respiratory tracts

Characteristic: - goblet cells are found scattered among the epithelial lining of organs
- they also secrete different types of mucins onto the ocular surface
- having a height of four times that of their width
- shaped like a stem

Function: - production of mucus to form a protective layer over epithelium cell

- antigen uptake
- role in oral tolerance
- maintenance of the protective mucus blanket

Structure: - their nucleus is at the base of the cell

- majority of organelles are at the bottom half of the goblet cell
- the remainder of the cell is filled with membrane-bound secretory granules
- large mucin granules accumulated near the apical surface of the cell along the gogli
apparatus

Definition: - the apical plasma membrane projects microvilli to give an increased surface area
for secretion
- mucus is swept by the cilia of epithelial cells which stored in granules

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Cell diagram of Goblet cell:

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 Sex cell (Sperm cell)
Sperm cell is the male reproductive cell in the types of sexual reproduction. They are produced
in testicles and stored in testes.

Characteristic: - Sperm cells cannot divide

- have a limited life span
- sperm cells come in two types, "female" and "male"
- it consists of a flat, disc shaped head

Function: - to reach the ovum in order to fertilise

Structure: - the centrioles that are structures that help organize the microtubule cytoskeleton
- human sperm cell can be divided in 2 parts (head and tail)
- head of sperm cell has compacted nucleus with only chromatic substance
- the nucleus is surrounded by only a thin rim of cytoplasm
- the neck part has a proximal and distal centriole
- it has a proximal and distal centriole in the middle piece
- the tail part have an axial filament surrounded by cytoplasm and plasma
membrane

Definition: - human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23
chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell
- above the nucleus lies a cap-like structure is formed by modification of the Golgi
- large amount of mitochondria provides motility

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Cell diagram of Sperm cell:

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