BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

REFERENCES
OR
APA CITATION
“There is nothing permanent but change” (Teeler, 2000).

This is an example of a QUOTATION.

A QUOTATION is a sentence or phrase taken from

one text and repeated in another.
IT IS A DIRECT QUOTATION
IDENTIFIED BY QUOTATION
MARKS.

“…..”
THIS IS ONE WAY OF MAKING REFERENCE TO THE WORK OF
OTHER AUTHORS IN OUR WORK.
THE ORIGIN OF ALL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES MUST BE
IDENTIFIED CLEARLY AND ACCURATELY.
HOW DO WE DO THAT?
WE GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THE ORIGIN:
(TEELER, 2000)
THIS CONSISTS OF:

• The surname of the author or name of the webpage

Teeler

•The year of publication

2000
THIS IS THE MINIMUM INFORMATION WE CAN
GIVE WITHIN A TEXT. IT REFERS US TO A
BIBLIOGRAPHY – OR LIST OF REFERENCES -
THAT GIVES COMPLETE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
DATA OF ALL SOURCES THAT HAVE BEEN
REFERRED TO IN A PIECE OF WORK.
THE FULL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE IS:
Teeler, D. (2000). How to use the Internet in
ELT. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

This is a reference to a book and it

appears in the

BIBLIOGRAPHY/LIST OF REFERENCES

NB: Look carefully at the punctuation!

WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY?

• It is a section at the end of a book, or piece of work,

where all works that have been referred to are listed
by author’s name in ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
• Different letter types, punctuation, and layout
are used to make it easier to identify what kind of
publication has been used.
• In the BIBLIOGRAPHY we indicate the format of the
original work through the different layouts
JOURNAL ARTICLE – PRINT OR
ELECTRONIC
Daniels, D. H. and Shumow, L. (2003). Child development and
classroom teaching: a review of the literature and implications for
educating teachers. Applied Developmental Psychology, 23, 495–526.
Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/amp59129.pdf
NEWSPAPER/NEWS SITE ARTICLE – PRINT
OR ELECTRONIC

Gabbatt, A. (2013, February 1). Google launches competition

to pick ‘Glass Explorers’ test group. The Guardian, p. 23.
BBC News Technology. (2013, February 1). Details of
Google’s Project Glass revealed in FCC report. BBC.
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.news.co.uk.
APA WEBSITE CITATIONS
APA website citations usually include the author, the
publication date, the title of the page or article, and the
URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of
the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a
retrieval date.
 SOME WEBSITE REFERENCES
Website with no author:
The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only.
(2007, October 24). Retrieved from
http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials/article/23
10913.html
Web site with no author and no date of publication:
• Research initiatives. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://cms.mit.edu/research/index.php
HERE IS A REFERENCE WHICH USES A DOI

Gerry, R. (2000). Tempo training for freestyle. Journal of

Swimming Technique, 34(1), 40-42. doi:10.1022/0202-
9822.77.4.444
A DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER DOI CAN BE USED TO
CITE AND LINK TO ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS. A DOI IS
GUARANTEED NEVER TO CHANGE, SO YOU CAN USE IT
TO LINK PERMANENTLY TO ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS.
THIS IS AN EXTRACT FROM A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brown, D. (2009). Are managers’ views

about older employees aligned with
company policy? Modern Human
Resources Management 21(3), 135-824.

Elaisa, P. (2010). Recruitment practices

in New Zealand and Australia: A meta-
analysis. Organisational Research 23(4),
125-163. doi: 10.2163/1391239419403
Executive Taskforce Group. (2004, August
12). Ageism contributes to New Zealand's
worsening skills shortage. Retrieved from
http://www.rnz.co.nz.

Statistics New Zealand. (2006).

Demographic trends 2006. Retrieved from
http://www.stats.govt.nz/analytical-
reports/dem-trends-06/default.htm.
WHEN YOU REFER TO A WEBSITE IN YOUR TEXT
WITHOUT QUOTING OR PARAPHRASING FROM A SPECIFIC
PART OF IT, YOU DO NOT NEED A FORMAL CITATION.
INSTEAD, YOU CAN JUST INCLUDE THE URL IN
PARENTHESES AFTER THE NAME OF THE SITE:

One of the most popular social media

sites, Instagram (http://instagram.com),
allows users to share images and videos.
For this kind of citation, you don’t need to include the website on the
reference page. However, if you’re citing a specific page or article from a
website, you will need a formal in-text citation and reference list entry.
IF YOU HAVE ANY
DOUBTS, CHECK ON THIS
WEBPAGE:

https://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
ANY TIME YOU REFER TO A WEBSITE OR DOCUMENT IN YOUR WORK, YOU
MUST INCLUDE AN IN-TEXT CITATION.
You will need an expression or a verb to introduce a quote/paraphrase/summary.
If you decide to quote directly from a text in your work, quotation marks will also
need to be used.. Here are some common ways of introducing an in-text citation:

X (2010) said/says that .... .

As X (2016) stated/states, .... .

According to X (2015), .... .

Marklin (1998, p. 76) states that “the adoption
of just-in-time delivery systems was the decisive factor
for Japanese economic success in the 1980s”.

According to Learning Solutions (2001), the second presentation is

essential in activating the retrieval of old information. OR
The second presentation is essential in activating the retrieval of old
information (Learning Solutions, 2001).

As Spack and Brown say, “ The most important skill a student can
engage in is the complex activity to write from other texts” (1998, p.42).
HERE ARE A FEW EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT CITATIONS TO
WEBSITES, AND VERBS THAT YOU CAN PERHAPS USE.
Statistics New Zealand (2006) report that the number of nurses has
increased.
Research Initiatives (n.d.) comment that studies into online teaching and learning are
looking at many factors in their success and failure.

According to Scribbr (2020), it is not necessary to give a full reference to a

website if it is not being cited. OR
It is not necessary to give a full reference to a website if it is not being cited
(Scribbr, 2020). OR
As Scribbr (2020) argue, it is not necessary to give a full reference to a
website if it is not being cited.