Module 2 Research Process

• Stages in Research process

• Data Collection: Primary data: Observation, Experimentation,
Interview, Schedules, Survey,
• Limitations of Primary data
• Secondary data: Sources and Limitations,
• Factors affecting the choice of method of data collection.
• Questionnaire: Types, Steps in Questionnaire Designing,
Essentials of a good questionnaire
 Problem
Statement
Experimental research is a scientific approach to research, where one or more independent
variables are manipulated and applied to one or more dependent variables to measure their
effect on the latter. The effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables is usually
observed and recorded over some time, to aid researchers in drawing a reasonable conclusion
regarding the relationship between these 2 variable types.
Secondary data is the data that has
already been collected through
primary sources and made readily
available for researchers to use for
their own research. It is a type of
data that has already been collected
in the past.
A researcher may have collected the
data for a particular project, then
made it available to be used by
another researcher. The data may
also have been collected for general
use with no specific research
purpose like in the case of the
national census.
Questionnaire
• It is a research instrument
consisting of a series of various
questions
• The questionnaire was invented
by Sir Francis Galton
• Widely used for both quantitative
and qualitative research.
• Surveys are the most common
method of collecting Primary Data.
 Questionnaire designing

Descriptive Analytical
survey survey

Features,
Nominal Ordinal qualities,
related to topic

Name, age,
Good bad,
gender,
excellent
location
Steps included in Design Questionnaire

Avoid to set few questions

Creation/Setting

Relations with the variables

Use of Rating scales

Determination of
variables

Questionnaire format
Understand Literature
review
Types of questions

Closed ended question

Put tick mark
Which shampoo do you like?
Types of closed ended questions

Multiple
choice
question
Buying
Leading
propensity

Semantic
differential Ttypes of Importance
scale Closed
ended
questions

Rating Likerts
Scales

Bipolar Dichotomous
Types of closed ended questions

Multiple
choice
question

-------------is higher education minister of Maharashtra state

a) Uday Samant
b) Rajesh Tope
c) Nitin Raut
d) Aditya Thakare
e) Anil Deshmukh
 Types of closed ended questions

Leading

What degree you have given me in teaching?

Excellent Superb Outstanding Admirable Fair
Types of closed ended questions

Importance

Higher Education in your life -

Extremely Very Little Slightly Not

Important Important Important Important Important
 Types of closed ended questions

Likerts

Vegetarian does not get health issues?

Strongly Agree Neither agree Disagree Strongly

Agree or Disagree Disagree
 Types of closed ended questions

Dichotomous

Dr. Fulmali’s RM lecture is good-

Types of closed ended questions She is

Bipolar

How is her attitude

towards students?
 Types of closed ended questions
Rating
Scales

1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Fair 4. Poor 5. Very Poor

Closed ended questions
Semantic
differential scale

Items 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Items

Good Bad

Active Inactive

Efficient Inefficient

Strong Weak

Happy Sad

Energetic Lazy
 Types of closed ended questions

Buying
propensity

Would you like to do love marriage?

Definitely Probably Probably not Not sure Definitely not

Open ended questions

How is our college?

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Essentials of a good questionnaire
1.Brief and Limited Questionnaire
2. Simple and Clear
3. Unambiguous Questions
4. No Personal Questions
5. Use of Proper Words
6. Avoidance of Calculations
7. Only Objective Questions
8. Sequence of the Questions
9. Pre-testing
10. Instructions
11. Cross Examination
12. Secret Information
13. Attractive Questionnaire