CUASATIVE

VARIABLES IN
SECOND
LANGUAGE
AQUISITION
GROUP 4
 CUASATIVE VARIABLE
This is just the variables that
cause or affect the second
language acquisition.

12/12/2023 2
 TWO CONDITIONS ARE
NECESSARY

1. Comprehensible input containing i+1

- Structures bit beyond the acquirer’s current level
2. A low or weak affective filter
- to allow the input “in”.
12/12/2023 3
LANGUAGE
TEACHING:
DOES IT
HELP?
 The classroom should help
only to the extent it
supplies comprehensible
input in an environment
conducive to low filter.
12/12/2023 5
KRASHEN HYPOTHESIS
“that the classroom should be especially valuable for
beginners, those who
cannot easily utilize the informal environment for input.
It will be of less value to those who can,
who have other sources of comprehensible input, and
who are linguistically advanced enough to
take advantage of it.
12/12/2023 6
 WHEN LANGUAGE
TEACHING
Some adult studies show "fairly large positive
correlation between the amount of classroom
exposure to the second language and proficiency.
Krashen believes that the class was the
primary source of comprehensible input. There were
also studies conducted that show "robust
correlation between reported years of formal study
and performance on a variety of ESL tests."

12/12/2023 7
 Chihara and Oller (1978) mentioned that there
was a "substantial correlation between the
length of formal study and second language
proficiency. According to Krashen, these
studies
show that "the classroom was the main, if not
only, source of comprehensible input."

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 8

 Krashen mentions that "not all the research
literature concludes that language teaching is good
for second language acquisition." He also added
that "students had a rich source of
comprehensible input outside the classroom and
were competent enough in the second language
to be able to take advantage of it."

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 9

Krashen also pointed out the studies
of Uphsur (1968) and Mason (1971)
that show "no
significant effects attributable to the
number of instructions” received by
the students. Krashen
stated that "in both cases, students
had a rich source of
incomprehensible input outside the
classroom, and in both cases, they
were advanced enough to be able to
utilize it."
EXPOSURE VARIABLES
-It is all about the LOR or length of residence.

Several studies conducted were based on "length of residence

(LOR) in the second language
environment." Fathman (1975) reported that "LOR did predict
proficiency for sample of children.
In her study, those who stayed in the United States for 3 years did
better than those who stayed
for 2 or 1 year. Walberg et al. (1978) did find a significant
relationship between LOR and
proficiency in English as a second language.
12/12/2023 11
  AGE
It is been popularly assumed age itself is a predictor of
second language acquisition suffiviency.

Krashen et al. (1979) reviewed the available empirical

research on the effect of age and second
language acquisition and concluded that all published
studies were consistent with these:
1. Adults proceed through early stages of second language
development faster than children
do (where time and exposure are held constant).
12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 12
 2. Older children acquire faster than younger children,
time and exposure are held constant.

3. Acquirers who begin natural exposure to second

language during childhood generally
achieve higher second language proficiency than those
beginning as adults

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 13

 Acculturation
- One of the cause of SLA

- Major causal varible in SLA

- The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns

of another group.

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 14

 According to Schumann (1978) “Second
language acquisition is just one aspect of
acculturation, and the degree to which the
learner
acculturates to the target language group
will control the degree to which he
acquires the target
language."
12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 15
 What Are The Teaching
Implication For Each
Causative Variables?

12/12/2023 16
 -The Causative Variable is a Variable that Exerts Influence
or Another Dependent Variable.

Two types of variables

Independent Variable -An independent variable is the

variable you manipulate or vary in an experimental study to
explore its effects.

Dependent Variable -A Variable that represent a quantity

whose value depends on how the Independent Variable is
Manipulated.

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 17

 There Are Two Essential Principle
For Causative Variables
1st 2nd

The Acquisition is In order to Acquire two

more Important Than condition is Necessary.
Learning. 1)Comprehensible Input;
2)The Strength Of The
Filter to Allow The Input
"In" .

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 18

 According to Krashen…

According To Krashen, These are The True Causes Of

Second Language acquisition.

12/12/2023 19
 What are the cognitive process are
we also developing when we teach
language and how might they
contribute to language learning?

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 20

 According to Selinker(1992)…

Who coined the term ‘interlanguage’, five cognitive

processes are significantly related to L2 acquisition,
including language transfer, transfer of training,
strategies of L2 language learning, L2 communication
strategies, and generalizations of rules and principles.

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 21

 The mentioned cognitive processes are
involved in learning for it supports
integration through rehearsal and
retrieval in memory and metacognitive
monitoring.

12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 22

 TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN
CONDUCTING A LANGUAGE
LESSON.
1.Confidence 2. Inhibition and risk-taking

3.Empathy 4.Extroversion

5. Imitation 6. anxiety

7. Motivation 8. Attitude.

12/12/2023 23
12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 24
 HOW DO WE STIMULATE
STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN
LANGUAGE LEARNING?
e.g. How do we help students who don’t like reading
(

become interested in a language classroom?)

According to an Elton (2017), there are five ways to

stimulate students’ interest in language learning.

12/12/2023 25
 These are:

1. Explain the benefits of it.

2. Let them know the results of learning.
3. Let art help you.
4. Make them use the language.
6. Give rewards.

12/12/2023 26
 How do bilingual
education programs
compare with other
methods such as
immersion and
sheltered English?
12/12/2023 27
Bilingual education
•In bilingual education, students are taught in two
languages. It is distinct from learning a second
language as a subject because both languages are
used for instruction in different content areas like
math, science, and history. The time spent in each
language depends on the model.
Immersion Education
•Immersion education is a teaching method where
students learn all subjects in a target language like
French, Spanish, or Mandarin.
12/12/2023 28
 What are the most important
learning variables in the learning of
a second language?
The learner variables of interest included:

first language (L1) listening ability, and vocabulary

knowledge.
Second language (L2) vocabulary knowledge, auditory
discrimination ability, metacognitive awareness of listening,
and working memory capacity.
12/12/2023 29
 What are the components of
second language?
Four major components

1. Sociocultural linguistic- broad interdisciplinary field concerned

with the intersection of language, culture, and society.

2.Linguistic- it is scientific study of language. It entails the

comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspect
of language.

12/12/2023 30
 3. Cognitive process- it is a mental
action.
To assure cognitive and academic success
in a second language, a student's first
language system, oral and written, must be
developed to a high cognitive level at least
through the elementary-school years.

12/12/2023 31
 4.Academic language

Academic language is the

language needed by students to
do the work in schools.
12/12/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 32
Thank
you!