Objective

• To acquaint the students on the different

medical terms that are strange to them. To
understand the importance of the subject,
the basic life saving steps and to be able to
apply First Aid to the different cases
encountered
Definition of Terms

• FIRST AID - temporary care given to an injured or

ill person before a definitive can be given by a
medically trained person.

• SELF AID - a care give to oneself.

• FIRST AIDER - a person who give first aid.

 Definition of Terms

• WOUND - a break in the continuity of the skin,

mucous membrane and tissue.
• FRACTURE - a break in the continuity of the
bone.
• SHOCK - a state or condition wherein there is
not enough or adequate blood supplies to the vital
tissues and organs.
• SPLINT - any flat like materials ready made or
improvise use to hold fracture.
 Definition of Terms

• DRESSING - is a sterile pad, a compressed

sponge or any other materials that is clean and
directly applied to cover the wound.

• HEMORRHAGE - a escape of large quantities of

blood from the blood vessels.

• ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION - is a procedure for

causing the air to flow into and out of the lungs of
a person when is normal or natural breathing is
inadequate or has ceases.
Importance of First Aid

 To save life.

 Prevent permanent disability

 Reduced prolong hospitalization.

General Procedure in case of Injury

 Give the patient comfort.

 Assure the patient that his condition can be

taken care of.

 Handle the patient gently

 Never give anything by mouth to

unconscious person.
General Procedure in case of Injury
 Give the patient comfort.

 Assure the patient that his condition can be

taken care of.

 Handle the patient gently

 Never give anything by mouth to

unconscious person.
Basic Life Saving Steps
 Check for breathing

 Check for bleeding

 Check for shock

 CHECK FOR BREATHING
• Procedures:
 Place your ear over the casualty ‘s mouth or nose
and look towards his chest.
 Look for the rise and fall of the casualty’s chest.
 Listen for the sound of breathing.
 Feel for breath on the side of your face.
 Allow 3 – 5 seconds to determine if the casualty is
breathing. If negative , rescue breathing.
Opening the Airway
 Head tilt- neck lift technique

 Head tilt – chin techniques

 Jaw thrust.
 Rescue Breathing
( Through artificial respiration)

• Mouth to mouth methods

 Place the victims on his back
 If foreign bodies are visible in the victims
mouth, wipe it out quickly with yours fingers
Tilt the victims head backward so that his chin is
pointing upward. Maintain the head tilt backward
position. To prevent leakage of air, pinch the
victims nose trails or pressed your check against
the victims nose.
  Open your mouth widely, take a deep breath and
seal your mouth tightly around the victims mouth,
and with your mouth forming a wide open circle,
blow into the victims mouth. Volume is important,
you should start at a high rate and then provide at
least one breath every five (5) seconds adult or (12
per minute).

Watch the victims chest, when you see it rise stop

blowing raise your mouth and turn your head to the
side and listen for exhalation. Watch the victims
chest to see that it falls. When the victims exhalation
finished, repeat the blowing cycle.
Mouth to Nose methods

 Maintain the backward head tilt position with

the hand on the forehead. Use the other hand
to close the mouth.

 Open your mouth widely, take a deep breath,

seal your mouth tightly around the victims
nose. On exhalation phase open the victims
mouth to allow air to escape.
 When administering mouth to mouth or mouth to
nose ventilation to small children or infants, the
first aider should not take the backward head tilt as
extensive as that of the adult or large children.

 Both mouth and nose of an infant or small child be

sealed by your mouth. Blow into the mouth and nose
severe three (3) seconds or 20 breath per minute
with less pressure and volume than for adult or
large children. The amount is determined by the sized
of the child. Small puff of air will suffice for
infants.
 If you are not getting air exchange, re-check the
position of the victims head and jaw, and
investigate to see whether there is foreign body in
the back of the mouth obstructing the air passage.

 If the victims stomach is bulging, air may

have been blown into the stomach. Turn the
victims head to one side and be prepared to clear
the mouth before pressing your hand briefly and
firmly over the upper abdomen, the ribs and the
navel.
Mouth to Stoma Methods

Stoma - is an opening in the windpipe

(trachea) in front of the neck of a person
whose larynx have been completely or
partially remove by surgery.
Mouth to Stoma Methods

• Procedures:
 Do not breath into the victims nose or
mouth.
 Use mouth to stoma respiration
 Use the same general procedure as for the
mouth to mouth resuscitation , but place your
mouth firmly over the victims stoma and
blow the same rate as for a person who breath
normally.
 Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)
 If foreign bodies are visible in the victims
mouth, wipe it out quickly with your fingers
preferably with cloth wrapped around them.

 Place the victims in a face up position. Maintain an

open airway by placing something under the victims
shoulder to raise them several inches and allowing
his head to drop backward. Turn the victims head
to the side.
 Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)

 Kneel at the top of the victims head, grasp the wrist

and cross them over the lowest chest.

 Rock forward until your arms are approximately

vertical and allow the weight of the part of your body
to exert steady even pressure downward. This action
will cause air to flow out of the victims chest.
Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)

 Immediately release the pressure by rocking back,

pulling the victims arms outward and upward over
the victims head and backward as far as possible,
this procedures will cause the air to flow in.

 Repeat the cycle about 12 times per minute,

checking the victims mouth often for obstructions.
AIRWAY Obstructions

Partial obstructions

Complete Airway obstructions

 MANEUVERING TECHNIQUES
(Removing Obstructions)

• Back Blows (Conscious)

 Position yourself to the side and slightly
behind the casualty.
 Place your left hand on his chest to support
him.
 Give four (4) sharp blows in rapid
succession with the hand of the other arms to
the casualty’s back between the shoulder
blade.
MANEUVERING TECHNIQUES
(Removing Obstructions)

• Back Blows (Unconscious)

 Roll the casualty unto his side facing
you with his chest against your thigh.
 Deliver four (4) sharp blows in rapid
succession to the casualty’s back between
the shoulder blade.
• Abdominal Thrust (Conscious)
 Stand behind the casualty and wrap your
arms around his waist.
 Make first with one hand and grasp it with
the other hand just below the navel or in
the abdomen.
 Give four (4) successive inward and
upward motion.
• Abdominal Thrust (Unconscious)
 Position the casualty on his back
 Perform the thrust either a stride or along the side
of the casualty. If you are along the side of the
patient, your knees should be close to his
thigh/hips. Straddle the hips on one thigh of the
casualty.
 Place the heel of one hand against the casualty’s
abdomen between the waist and the ribcage. Put
seconds hand on top of the first one.
• Abdominal Thrust (Unconscious)

 Position and maintain your shoulder over

the casualties abdomen.

 Apply a quick inward and upward

abdominal thrust towards the casualty’s
head.
• Chest Thrust (Conscious)
 Stand behind the casualty and wrap your arms
around his chest with your arms under his
armpit.
 Make fist with one hand place the thumb of
the fist squarely on the breastbone.
 Grasp the fist with the other hand the exert
four (4) quick backward and upward pulls.
 Alternate 1 & 3 until the casualty recover.
• Chest Thrust (Unconscious)
 Position the casualty on his back.
 Kneel close to the side of the casualty’s head and
locate the lower edge of the ribcage with your
finger.
 Trace the ribcage.
 With your arms in position, bring your shoulder
directly over the casualty’s breastbone, keep your
arms straight and press downward.
 Apply enough pressure to push the breastbone
downward about 1 to 2 inches and then released
the pressure completely (4 rapid succession).
CHECK FOR BLEEDING

Wound - a break in the continuity

of the skin.
 Kinds of Wounds
 Puncture Wound – usually caused by sharp pointed
object.
 Incise wound – caused by sharp bladed object. With
clean cut.
 Lacerated Wound – caused by any hard or blunt object.
 Abrasion – a wound resulting from scraping rough
surfaces.
 Avulsion – a kind of wound that involves a forceable
separation or tearing of tissue from the victims body.
Procedures:

 Expose the entire area of the wound to easily

trace the types and size of the wound.
 Avoid contamination.
 Cover the wound with sterile dressing.
 Elevation of the bleeding part.
 Treat for shock.
First Aid Measures
• Elevation – raising the injured part above the
heart level.
• Direct Pressure – pressing a sterile dressing
firmly over the bleeding part.
• Digital Pressure – finger pressure applied
directly over the bleeding part.
• Tourniquet – a constricting band placed around
the arm or leg to control bleeding.
 Where to Place Tourniquet

 Place the tourniquet around the limb between

the wound and the heart. It should be placed 2-
4” above the injury site.
 Mark the casualty’s head with a “T” preferably
his blood whenever possible.
 Do not cover the tourniquet, leave it in full
view.
 Record the time of application.
Where to Place Tourniquet
 Use padding in the application of tourniquet.
 If the limb is missing, apply a dressing to the
stamp.
 Clamping - this can be done by the use of
forceps.
 Fluid Replacement – giving IV fluids like
whole blood, dextrose of plasma volume
expander.
 Packing
• DRESSING – a sterile pad, a compressed
sponge that is applied directly to cover the
wound.
Uses of Dressing

 To control Bleeding.
 To cover wound and keep out dirt and
bacteria which may cause infection.
 To absorb excess fluid.
 To maintain temperature around the wound.
 To apply medication.
Rules for Applying dressing

 Apply dressing directly over the wound.

 Avoid contamination.
 Use the tail of a dressing as bandage whenever
possible.
 If the dressing is secured by tying, place the knots
where they are easy to see and react, never tie knots
over the wound.
 Following dressing is applied, it should not be
disturbed or replaced unless hemorrhage recurs or
dressing exposes the wound.
• SHOCK – a state of condition when there is
not enough or adequate blood supplies to
the vital tissues and organs.
Causes

 Significant loss of blood.

 Heart failure.
 Dehydration.
 Severe and painful blows to the body.
 Severe allergic reaction to drugs, foods,
insect sting, and snake bites.
 Signs and Symptoms
 Sweaty but cool skin
 Paleness of the skin
 Restlessness or nervousness
 Thirstiness
 Faster than normal breath
 Pupils are dilated
 Pulse is rapid
 Nausea or vomiting
First Aid Measures
 Prevention from heat exposure
 Loosen the clothing
 Control Bleeding
 Replacement of fluids
 Control the pain
 Prevent the casualty from chilling or
overheating
 Elevate the casualty’s feet higher than the
level of the heart
 NPO to unconscious patient
• FRACTURE- a break in the continuity of
the bone.
Classification of Fracture:

 Close Fracture
 Open fracture
Causes

 Motor vehicle accidents.

 Falls
 Accident related to recreation sports and
activities
 Some results from the very slight injuries
because of brittle or abnormal bones.
Signs and symptoms
 Deformity
 Tenderness of the affected area.
 Swelling
 Pain
 Presence of protruding bone
 Inability to move the injured part
 Bleeding
 Discoloration of the affected area
First Aid Measures
 Immobilize fracture by splitting.
 Control bleeding and apply sterile dressing to an open
wound.
 Treat for shock.
 Give pain reliever if pain is severe.
 Avoid unnecessary holding of the injured part.
 Place the patient on a litter and secured the injured part
enough to keep it from moving while he is transported.
 Evacuate the patient as soon as possible.
SNAKE BITES

 Venom – a poison secreted by some

animals injected into the body/victims
through bites.

Types of Snakes:
 Poisonous
Non-poisonous
 Physical Characteristics

Poisonous Non-poisonous:
 Flat and almost triangular Oval-shaped head.
head shape. No sensory pit.
 With poison sack. No fang mark on the
 Slit like pupils. bite site.
 With sensory pit. Rounded pupils.

 Fang mark on the bite site.

 Thick bodies.
 Color markings.
Preventive Measures
 Handle freshly killed venomous snake only with a
long tool or stick. Snake can inflict fatal bites by
reflex action even after death.
 Wear heavy boots and clothing for some protection
from snake bites. Keep this in mind when exposed
to hazardous condition.
 Eliminate conditions under which snake thrive:
brush, piles of trash, rocks or logs and dense
undergrowth. Controlling their foods as much as
possible is also good prevention.
 First Aid Measures
 Have the casualty lie quietly, not to move other than
necessary.
 Do not elevate the bitten extremity, keep them level
with the body.
 Keep the casualty comfortable and reassure him.
 If the snake bite is on an arm or leg, place a
constricting band about 1-2 finger above and below
the bite. If the bite is on the hand or foot, place a
single band above the flow of blood near the skin
but not tight enough to interfere with circulation.
First Aid Measures
 If swelling extend beyond the band, move or
place another bond above the first one.
 Never give the casualty food, alcohol,
stimulants, drugs, or tobacco.
 Remove rings, watches or other jewelry from
the affected area.
 Evacuate to the nearest medical facility as
soon as possible.
CAUTION

 DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CUT OR OPEN

THE BITE NOR SUCK OUT THE
VENOM. IF THE VENOM SHOULD
CREEP THROUGH ANY DAMAGED OR
LACERATED TISSUES IN YOUR
MOUTH, YOU COULD IMMEDIATELY
LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS OR EVEN DIE.
(Ref: FM 21-11)
CLIMATIC INJURIES

• HEAT INJURIES – are environmental

injuries that may result when a soldier is
exposed to extreme heat, such as from the
sun or from high temperature.
 •Heat Cramps – are caused by not having
enough available salt in the body.

 Signs and Symptoms:

Muscle cramps in the arms or legs and/or
stomach.
Wet Skin.
Extreme thirst.
 Treatment
 Move the casualty to a shady area or
improvise shade.
 Loosen clothing.
 Have him/her drink slowly at least one
canteen full of water.
 Seek medical aid should cramps continue.
 •Heat Exhaustion – caused by loss of water
through sweating without adequate fluid
replacement.
•Signs and Symptoms:
Weakness and faintness.
Dizziness or drowsiness.
Cool or moist skin.
Pale.
Headache.
Rapid breathing.
Tingling of hands and feet.
 Treatment
 Move the casualty to a shady area and have him lie down.
 Loosen clothing and remove boots.
 Pour water on him and fan him if it is a very hot day.
 Have him slowly drink one canteen full of water.
 If possible the casualty should not participate in any
vigorous activity for the remainder of the day.
 Monitor the casualty until the symptoms are gone. If the
symptoms persist; seek medical aid.
•Heat Stroke – this is a medical emergency
and can be fatal if not treated promptly and
correctly. It is caused by failure of the body’s
cooling mechanism. Inadequate sweating is a
factor.
• Signs and Symptoms:
 Skin is flushed, hot and dry.

 Experiences dizziness, confusion and

headache.

 Respiration and pulse are rapid and weak.

 Unconsciousness and collapse may occur

suddenly.
• Treatment:
 Moving the casualty to a shady area.
 Remove outer garments and/or protective clothing if
the situation permits.
 Pour cool water or immerse him and fan him to permit
the cooling effect of evaporation.
 Elevate his legs.
 If conscious, have him slowly drink at least one
canteen full of water.
 Seek medical aid and evacuate the patient ASAP.
 Perform any necessary life-saving measures.
• Cold Injuries – are most likely to occur
when an unprepared individual is exposed
to winter temperature. The cold weather
and the type of combat operation in which
the individual is involved impact on
weather he is likely to be injured and to
what extent.
Contributing Factors

 Weather
 Types of combat operation
 Clothing
 Physical make-up
 Psychological factor
• Signs and Symptoms;
 Numbness
 Tingling sensation
 Discoloration of the skin
 Treatment:
 Adequate warming of the affected part using
body heat.
 Injured part should not be massaged, exposed
to fire or stove.
 Walking on injured feet should be avoided.
• Deep Cold Injury:

 Remove the casualty from the cold.

 Treat deep cold injuries simultaneously

while waiting for evacuation to a medical
facility or while en route.
 TRANSPORTATION OF CASUALTY

• TRANSPORTATION – means moving the

casualty from the point of injury going to the
nearest medical facility where a casualty can
receive a definitive care.

• Transportation of casualties:
 Manual carries
 Litter carries
TRANSPORTATION OF CASUALTY

• Manual carries - a means of transportation

which provides comfort to the patient and
are less likely to aggravate injuries.

• Litter carries – a means of transporting

casualty using a stretcher to carry a sick and
wounded person.
• Litter – a device capable of being carried by
two, four, or six persons for the purpose of
transporting sick, injured or dead person.
 Proper handling of casualties

• Evaluate the type and extent of his injuries.

• Ensure that dressing over the wounds are
adequately reinforce.
• Ensure that fractured bones are properly
immobilize and supported to prevent them
from cutting muscles, blood vessels and
skin.
Factors to be given considerations

© Strength and endurance of the bearer.

© Weight of the casualty.

© Nature of the casualty’s injuries.

© Obstacle encountered.
One man Carry
• Fireman’s carry – the easiest way for one
person to carry another.
• Support carry – in this carry the casualty
must be able to walk or at least hop on one
leg using the bearer as a crutch.
• Arms carry – Useful in carrying a casualty
for a short distance.
One man Carry

• Saddle back Carry – on a conscious casualty

for a short distance.
• Pack Strap Carry – the casualty weight rest
high on the bearers back , this makes it
easier for the casualty bearer to carry the
casualty for moderate distance.
• Pistol Belt carry – the best one man carry for
a long distance .
One man Carry
• Pistol Belt Drag – these are generally used
for short distance . It is also useful in
combat.
• Neck Drag – this is useful because the
bearer can transport the casualty when he
creeps behind a low wall or shrubbery or
through a culvert.
• Cradle Drop Drag – very effective in
moving casualty up or down steps.
Two-man Carry
• Two-man Support Carry – can be use in
transporting in a conscious or unconscious
casualty .
• Two-man Arms Carry – useful in carrying
casualty for a moderate distance.
• Two-man Fore – And – Carry – useful in
transporting a casualty for a long distance.
Two-man Carry

• Two Hand Seat Carry - useful in carrying

a casualty for a short distance.

• Four Hand Seat Carry – this is a especially

useful in transporting a casualty with head
or foot injury for a moderate distance.