Activity no.

To familiarize and understand priorities of first aid, discuss and explain briefly the
systematic approach used in the primary survey or the Basic Life Support Flow Chart

1. Danger
Always make sure the scene is clear before approaching the casualty. Always
secure the area and protect the victim against environmental hazards while
keeping yourself safe.

2. Responsive
Check to see whether the victim is responsive or not. Introduce yourself as you
approach them and ask them questions and see how you can elicit an answer.
Kneel next to their chest and shake their shoulders softly, shouting, "What
happened?" or "Open your eyes!" You need not be afraid to shout. Note that a
victim is responsive if they open their eyes or make another gesture; if they do
not react in any way, they are unresponsive and should be managed as soon as
possible.

3. Airway
After that, make sure the airway is safe and open. Open the airway by pressing
one hand on the forehead to tilt the head back and using two fingers from the
other hand to lift the chin (Tilt/chin lift maneuvers). If they aren't responding,
you can move to breathing as soon as possible.

4. Breathing
You must also determine if the victim is breathing properly. Look down their
body with your ear above their lips. Listen for breathing patterns and try to catch
their breath against your cheek. For around 10 seconds, look and see how their
chest moves. If the victim is unresponsive and not breathing, dial 999/112 for
emergency assistance and begin CPR right away. Shift on to circulation if they
are responsive and breathing.

5. Compressions
Chest compressions for CPR are serial, rhythmic applications of pressure over the
lower half of the sternum. These compressions create blood flow by increasing
intrathoracic pressure or directly compressing the heart. Blood circulated to the
lungs by chest compressions, accompanied by properly performed rescue
breathing, will most likely deliver adequate oxygen to the brain and other vital
organs until defibrillation can be performed.

6. Defibrillation
Use an AED (Automatic External Defibrillator) to apply a defibrillator to your
patient as soon as possible or as soon as one becomes available.
Activity no. 2

To familiarize and understand the ratio for adult CPR. Discuss and explain the ratio
for Adult CPR.

If the patient is not breathing (or not breathing normally), start cardiopulmonary
resuscitation right away by doing 30 compressions and 2 breaths at a pace of 100–120 per
minute, or around 2/second. When performing chest compressions, proper hand placement is
very important. To locate the correct hand position place two fingers at the sternum (the spot
where the lower ribs meet) then put the heel of your other hand next to your fingers. Place one
hand on top of the other and interlace the fingers. The depth of compressions should be
approximately 1½ to 2 inches. If you feel or hear slight cracking sound, you may be pressing
too hard. Damaged cartilage or cracked ribs are far less serious than a lost life. Count aloud as
you compress 30 times at the rate of about 3 compressions for every 2 seconds. Finish the
cycle by giving the victim 2 breaths. Check the victim's carotid artery for pulse and any signs of
consciousness. If there is no pulse, continue performing 30 compressions/2 breaths, checking
for pulse after every 4 cycles. If you feel a pulse but the victim is still not breathing, rescue
breaths should be administered.

Activity no. 3

To familiarize resuscitation of a child (1-8 years old). Discuss and explain briefly the
method of resuscitation of a child aging 1-8 years old.

When performing chest compressions on a child proper hand placement is even more
crucial than with adults. Place two fingers at the sternum (the bottom of the rib cage where the
lower ribs meet) and then put the heel of your other hand directly on top of your fingers. A
child's smaller and more fragile body requires less pressure when performing compressions. The
rule to remember is 1 hand, 1 inch. If you feel or hear slight cracking sound, you may be
pressing too hard. Apply less pressure as you continue. Count aloud as you compress 30 times,
followed by 2 breaths. Perform 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths before checking the
child for breathing and pulse. Palpate victim's carotid artery for pulse as well as any signs of
consciousness.

Activity no. 4

To understand mouth to nose resuscitation. Discuss and explain in detail the

methods in administering mouth to nose resuscitation.

If it is hard to ventilate into the victim's mouth, the mouth cannot be opened (trismus),
the mouth is critically injured, or a close mouth-to-mouth contact is difficult to maintain, the
mouth-to-nose technique is advised. When rescuing a submersion victim from the water,
mouth-to-nose breathing may be the best way of supplying oxygen. During the rescue, rescuers
are often used to lift the victim's head and neck. The rescuer may be able to start emergency
breathing as soon as the victim is out of the water using this technique.

In doing so, firs, the rescuers must tilt the victim's head back with one hand on the
forehead and use the other hand to raise the victim's mandible (as in head tilt–chin lift) and
close the victim's mouth to provide mouth-to-nose breathing. Take a deep breath and exhale
into the victim's nose while sealing the lips over his or her nose. After that, take the lips away
from the victim's nose to encourage passive exhalation. To allow free exhalation, it may be
appropriate to open the victim's mouth intermittently and split the lips with the thumb; this is
especially vital if partial nasal obstruction is present.

Activity no. 5

To understand resuscitation via mouth to mask technique. Discuss and explain

briefly the methods in administering resuscitation via mouth to mask technique.

Transparent mask with or without a 1-way valve is used in mouth-to-mask breathing.

The 1- way valve directs the rescuer's breath into the victim while diverting the victim's exhaled
air away from the rescuer. Some devices include an oxygen inlet that permits administration of
supplemental oxygen. Mouth- to-mask ventilation is particularly effective because it allows the
rescuers to use 2 hands to create a mask seal.

Two possible techniques for using the mouth-to-mask device:

a. Cephalic technique
Place yourself directly above the victim's head and follow the steps below in
performing cephalic technique:
Apply the mask to the victim's face, using the bridge of the nose as a reference.
Then, around the lateral edges of the mask, position your thumbs and thenar
eminence (the part of the palm at the base of the thumb). Place both hands'
index fingers under the victim's mandible, then raise the chin into the mask while
tilting the head down. Place the remaining fingers under the jaw's angle.
Squeeze the mask with your thumbs and thenar eminence when raising the jaw
to achieve an airtight seal. Finally, offer steady rescue breaths (2 seconds) while
keeping an eye out for chest rise.

b. Lateral technique

When using lateral strategy, to offer emergency ventilation and chest

compressions, put yourself beside the victim's head: first, apply the mask to the
victim's face, using the bridge of the nose as a reference for proper positioning.
Next, seal the mask by putting your index finger and thumb closer to the top of
the victim's head along the mask's border, and the thumb on the other hand
along the mask's lower margin. Then, when doing a head tilt–chin lift, place the
remaining fingertips on the hand closest to the victim's feet along the bony
margin of the jaw and lift the jaw. Compress tightly and fully across the outer
 margin of the mask to provide a close seal. Provide steady rescue breaths while
watching for chest lift.

Activity no. 6

To understand and familiarize the mouth to stoma method of resuscitation. Discuss

and explain briefly the methods in administering mouth to stoma method of
resuscitation.

Direct mouth-to-stoma ventilation should be performed when a person with a

tracheostomy requires rescue breathing. Place the mouth over the stoma, making an airtight
seal around the stomas. Blow into the stoma until the chest rises. Then remove your mouth
from the patient, allowing passive exhalation. A tracheostomy tube may be present in the
tracheal stoma. For spontaneous ventilation or rescue breathing to occur, a tracheostomy tube
must be present. Remove and cover the tubing if it is not patent and you are unable to clear an
obstruction or other secretions. Remove the tube to provide emergency ventilation if a second
tube is not accessible and the main tube is obstructed. If a large amount of air escapes from
the victim's mouth and nose during tracheostomy breathing, cover the victim's mouth and nose
with your hand or a tight-fitting face mask. If you can provide oxygen into a tracheostomy tube
with an inflated cuff, you can prevent air from escaping.