GOFA INDUSTRIAL

COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT of ICT
1
Providing network system
administration
Providing network system administration
Unit 1. Provide client access and security
Unit 2. Provide input into and disseminate
disaster recovery plan
Unit 3. Monitor network performance
Unit 4. Migrate to New Technology
Unit 1. Provide client access and security
 Overview of Network System
Administration
 Providing appropriate privilege for
accounts and files
 determining access privileges and usage
for user accounts
 Maintaining System integrity and
security
 Overview of Network System Administration
 Network System Administration involves the
management, maintenance, and optimization
of computer networks within an organization.
 The role of a network system administrator is
critical for ensuring the smooth operation,
security, and efficiency of an organization's
network infrastructure. Here is an overview of
key aspects of network system administration:
 1. Roles and Responsibilities:
Network Configuration:
 Configure and maintain network devices such as
routers, switches, firewalls, and access points.
 Implement and manage IP addressing, subnetting,
and VLANs.
User Account Management:
 Create, modify, and delete user accounts.
 Manage access privileges and permissions for
network resources.
Con…

Network Security:
 Implement and maintain security measures to
protect against unauthorized access and cyber
threats.
 Configure firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention
systems, and conduct security audits.
Monitoring and Performance Tuning:
 Monitor network performance, analyze logs, and
identify and address performance issues.
 Implement performance tuning strategies to
optimize network efficiency.
Con…

Backup and Disaster Recovery:

 Establish backup procedures and regularly
perform backups of critical network data.
 Develop and maintain disaster recovery plans to
minimize downtime in case of network failures.
Troubleshooting and Support:
 Diagnose and resolve network issues,
connectivity problems, and performance
bottlenecks.
 Provide technical support to end-users and
collaborate with other IT teams.
Con…

Software and Firmware Updates:

 Manage and apply updates to network devices, operating
systems, and software applications.
 Ensure that devices are running the latest firmware to address
security vulnerabilities.
Documentation:
 Maintain accurate and up-to-date documentation of network
configurations, hardware inventory, and procedures.
 Document changes made to the network for future reference.
Collaboration with IT Teams:
 Collaborate with other IT teams, including systems
administrators, security professionals, and helpdesk personnel.
 Ensure alignment between network infrastructure and overall
IT strategy.
 2. Skills and Qualifications:
Technical Skills:
 Proficiency in network protocols, routing, and switching.
 Knowledge of security protocols and best practices.
 Familiarity with VPNs, VLANs, and wireless networking.
Troubleshooting Skills:
Ability to identify and resolve network-related issues efficiently.
Strong problem-solving skills in diagnosing complex network
problems.
Communication Skills:
Effective communication with end-users, management, and IT
teams.
Documentation skills for maintaining clear and comprehensive
records.
 Adaptability:
Ability to adapt to new technologies and stay updated on
industry trends.
Flexibility to handle unexpected network issues and changes.
Collaboration and Teamwork:
Work collaboratively with cross-functional teams to achieve
common goals.
Share knowledge and best practices with colleagues.
Time Management:
Prioritize tasks and manage time effectively to meet
deadlines.
Respond promptly to critical incidents and prioritize
accordingly.
Con…
3. Tools and Technologies:
Network Monitoring Tools:
Utilize tools like Nagios, SolarWinds, or Wireshark for
network monitoring and analysis.
Configuration Management Tools:
Implement tools like Ansible or Puppet for automated
configuration management.
Security Tools:
Employ security tools such as firewall appliances,
intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software.
Con…
Remote Administration Tools:
Use remote administration tools for managing network
devices from a centralized location.
Backup and Recovery Solutions:
Implement backup solutions such as Veeam or Bacula
for data protection.
Collaboration Tools:
Use collaboration tools for communication and
documentation, such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, or
Confluence.
 4. Certifications:
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA):
Entry-level certification covering networking fundamentals.
CompTIA Network+:
Vendor-neutral certification for networking professionals.
Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP):
Intermediate-level certification for more advanced networking skills.
Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP):
Security-focused certification relevant for network administrators.
Microsoft Certified: Azure Administrator Associate:
Certification for administrators working with Microsoft Azure cloud
services.
 5. Emerging Trends:
Cloud Networking:
Integration and management of networks in cloud
environments.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN):
Utilizing SDN for dynamic and programmable network
infrastructure.
Edge Computing:
Management of networks at the edge of the network,
closer to end-users and devices.
 Con…
Automation and DevOps:
Incorporating automation tools and DevOps practices for
efficient network management.
5G Networking:
Preparing for the transition to 5G networks and the
associated challenges.
In summary, network system administration involves a
diverse set of responsibilities, requiring a combination
of technical expertise, troubleshooting skills, and
effective communication. Staying abreast of emerging
technologies and industry trends is crucial for the
ongoing success of network administrators in an ever-
evolving IT landscape.
 Providing appropriate privilege for accounts and files

Providing appropriate privileges for accounts and files is

a crucial aspect of managing a secure and efficient
computer system. Proper privilege management ensures
that users have the necessary access rights to perform
their job functions while preventing unauthorized access
to sensitive information. Here are key considerations
and steps for providing appropriate privileges:
1. User Account Privileges:
User Roles and Responsibilities:
Define user roles based on job functions and responsibilities.
Clearly outline the privileges associated with each role.
Con…
Least Privilege Principle:
Apply the principle of least privilege, granting users the
minimum level of access required to perform their
tasks.
Avoid assigning unnecessary permissions that could
pose security risks.
Regular Review and Updates:
Conduct regular reviews of user accounts and their
associated privileges.
Update privileges based on changes in job roles or
responsibilities.
Con…
Account Provisioning and DE provisioning:
Establish processes for provisioning new accounts and
deprovisioning accounts when users leave the organization.
Ensure that former employees no longer have access to
system resources.
Password Policies:
Enforce strong password policies to enhance security.
Regularly update passwords and implement multi-factor
authentication for sensitive accounts.
User Training:
Provide training to users on the importance of secure
password practices and the use of privileged accounts.
Promote awareness about the risks associated with sharing
login credentials.
Con…
2. File and Directory Privileges:
File Ownership and Permissions:
Set appropriate ownership and file permissions to
control access to files and directories.
Use the principle of least privilege when assigning file
permissions.
Sensitive Data Encryption:
Encrypt sensitive files to protect data confidentiality.
Implement file-level encryption for added security.
Con…
Audit and Monitoring:
Enable file and directory auditing to track access and
changes.
Regularly review audit logs to identify unauthorized
access or modifications.
Access Control Lists (ACLs):
Utilize Access Control Lists to define granular
permissions for files and directories.
Restrict access to specific users or groups as needed.
Con…
Network Shares and Permissions:
If using network shares, apply appropriate
permissions to restrict access.
Regularly review and update permissions for network
shares.
Version Control:
Implement version control for important files to track
changes and revert to previous versions if needed.
Ensure that only authorized users can modify critical
documents.
Con…
3. Administrator Privileges:
Separation of Duties:
Separate administrative duties to prevent a single
point of failure.
Limit the number of users with full administrative
privileges.
Use of Service Accounts:
Utilize service accounts for running applications and
services.
Avoid using privileged accounts for routine tasks.
Con…
Administering Access Controls:
Regularly review and update access controls for
administrators.
Implement multi-factor authentication for
administrative accounts.
Privilege Escalation Monitoring:
Monitor for privilege escalation attempts and
unauthorized use of elevated privileges
1.3 determining access privileges and usage for user accounts

Determining access privileges and usage for user

accounts is a critical aspect of managing security
in computer systems and networks. Here are
some general steps and considerations for
managing access privileges and monitoring usage
for user accounts:
User Account Creation:
Ensure that user accounts are created only for
individuals who require access to the system.
Assign the minimum necessary permissions needed
for users to perform their job functions.
 Access Control Policies:
Define access control policies that outline who has
access to what resources.
Use the principle of least privilege, meaning users
should have the minimum level of access necessary
to perform their duties.
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC):
Implement RBAC to group users based on their roles
within the organization.
Assign permissions to roles rather than individual
users, making it easier to manage access at scale.
Con…
Regular Audits:
Conduct regular audits of user accounts and their
associated privileges.
Identify and remove any unnecessary or outdated
accounts.
Access Reviews:
Perform periodic access reviews to ensure that users
still require the assigned permissions.
Have a process in place to revoke access promptly
when an employee changes roles or leaves the
organization.
Con…
Monitoring and Logging:
Implement monitoring tools to track user activity and
access patterns.
Log relevant events, such as login attempts, changes
in permissions, and access to sensitive data.
Alerts for Suspicious Activity:
Set up alerts for suspicious or unauthorized activities,
such as multiple failed login attempts, unusual access
times, or access to sensitive data by unauthorized
users.
Con…
Authentication Controls:
Use strong authentication mechanisms, such as
multi-factor authentication (MFA), to enhance
account security.
Enforce password policies to ensure that users create
strong and regularly updated passwords.
Training and Awareness:
Provide training to users on security best practices,
including the importance of protecting their login
credentials.
Foster a culture of security awareness within the
organization.
Con…
Incident Response Plan:
Develop and maintain an incident response plan to
address security incidents promptly.
Clearly define the steps to be taken if unauthorized
access or suspicious activity is detected.
Compliance Requirements:
Ensure that your access control practices align with
industry regulations and compliance standards
relevant to your organization.
Con…
Service accounts are used for running processes, such as
web servers, database servers, and application servers.
Service accounts may also be created just to own data
and configuration files.
Service accounts are not intended to be used by people,
except for performing administrative operations.
Application accounts are linked to the specific
application software and typically administer, configure
or manage access to the application software.
Application accounts allow interactions between
applications and are typically run automatically by
without human interaction. The exception to the rule is
maintenance tasks performed by privileged users.
 Regular Security Updates:
Keep software, including user account management
tools, up to date to address any security
vulnerabilities.
By implementing these measures, organizations
can better manage user account access privileges
and enhance overall security posture. Regularly
reviewing and updating these practices helps
adapt to evolving security threats and
organizational changes
 Maintaining System integrity and security
Maintaining system integrity and security is crucial to
protect against unauthorized access, data breaches,
and other cybersecurity threats. Here are key practices
to help ensure the integrity and security of a computer
system:
Update and Patch Software:
Regularly update and patch operating systems, software,
and applications to address known vulnerabilities.
Enable automatic updates where possible.
Use Strong Authentication:
Implement strong authentication mechanisms, such as
multi-factor authentication (MFA), to add an extra layer of
Con…
Network Security:
Use firewalls to control incoming and outgoing network traffic.
Secure Wi-Fi networks with strong encryption (WPA2 or
WPA3) and change default credentials for network devices.
Data Encryption:
Encrypt sensitive data both in transit and at rest to protect it
from unauthorized access.
Use protocols like HTTPS for secure communication over the
internet.
Access Control:
Implement access controls and least privilege principles to
restrict user access to the minimum necessary for their roles.
Regularly review and update access permissions.
Con…
Security Monitoring:
Set up security monitoring tools to detect and respond to
suspicious activities.
Monitor logs for unusual patterns or events.
Incident Response Plan:
Develop and maintain an incident response plan to
effectively respond to security incidents.
Conduct regular drills to ensure the plan is executable.
Regular Security Audits and Assessments:
Conduct regular security audits and assessments to
identify vulnerabilities.
Penetration testing can help identify weaknesses in the
system.
 Employee Training:
Provide cybersecurity training to employees to raise
awareness of security best practices.
Train employees on how to recognize and avoid phishing
attacks.
Physical Security:
Ensure physical security measures are in place, such as
restricting access to server rooms and securing hardware.
Backup and Recovery:
Regularly back up critical data and ensure that recovery
procedures are in place.
Test backups periodically to verify their effectiveness.
Con…
Security Policies and Procedures:
Develop and enforce comprehensive security policies and
procedures.
Include guidelines for password management, acceptable
use, and data handling.
Vendor Security:
Assess and monitor the security practices of third-party
vendors.
Ensure that vendors follow security best practices and
comply with relevant regulations.
Regular Security Awareness Training:
Keep employees informed about the latest cybersecurity
threats and best practices through regular training sessions.
 Compliance with Regulations:
Ensure compliance with relevant data protection and
privacy regulations applicable to your organization.
Software Restriction Policies:
Implement software restriction policies to control which
applications can run on systems, reducing the risk of
malware.
 Con…
Regular Security Reviews:
Conduct periodic reviews of security controls and
measures to ensure they remain effective.
Stay Informed:
Stay informed about the latest security threats and
vulnerabilities by monitoring security advisories and
updates from reliable sources.
By consistently implementing and updating these
practices, organizations can enhance the integrity and
security of their systems, protecting against a wide
range of cyber threats. Regularly reassessing and
adapting security measures is essential in the ever-
evolving landscape of cybersecurity.
Unit 2. Provide input into and disseminate
disaster recovery plan
 Providing input to organization’s disaster recovery
plan
 Performing regular backup and restore based on
disaster recovery policy
 Disseminating disaster recovery plan
 Providing input to organization’s disaster recovery plan

Providing input to an organization's disaster recovery

plan (DRP) is a crucial aspect of ensuring that the
organization is well-prepared to respond effectively to
disasters and disruptions. Here are key considerations
when providing input to a disaster recovery plan:
Risk Assessment:
Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment to identify
potential threats and vulnerabilities to the organization's
IT infrastructure and business operations.
Identify critical assets and functions that must be
prioritized in the event of a disaster.
Con…
Business Impact Analysis (BIA):
Perform a Business Impact Analysis to understand the potential
consequences of disruptions to various business processes.
Determine the acceptable downtime for each critical business
function.
Identify Critical Systems and Data:
Clearly identify critical systems, applications, and data that are
essential for business operations.
Prioritize these components in the disaster recovery plan.
Define Recovery Time Objectives (RTO) and Recovery Point
Objectives (RPO):
Establish Recovery Time Objectives (RTO) and Recovery Point
Objectives (RPO) for critical systems and functions.
RTO defines the maximum allowable downtime, while RPO defines
the maximum acceptable data loss.
Con…
Resource Requirements:
Identify the resources (hardware, software,
personnel, etc.) required for recovery efforts.
Ensure that the necessary resources are available and
accessible during a disaster.
Communication Plan:
Develop a communication plan that outlines how
information will be disseminated to internal and
external stakeholders during a disaster.
Specify communication channels, roles, and
responsibilities.
Con…

Training and Awareness:

Ensure that employees are trained on their roles and
responsibilities during a disaster.
Conduct regular drills and exercises to test the effectiveness
of the disaster recovery plan.
Offsite Backup and Storage:
Implement secure offsite backup and storage solutions to
ensure data can be recovered in case of physical damage to
on-premises systems.
Alternative Facilities:
Identify and secure alternative facilities where operations can
be temporarily relocated in the event of a site-wide disaster.
Con…
Vendor and Partner Coordination:
Coordinate with vendors and external partners to
ensure their disaster recovery plans align with the
organization's objectives.
Verify the recovery capabilities of critical third-party
services.
Regulatory Compliance:
Ensure that the disaster recovery plan aligns with
industry regulations and compliance standards
applicable to the organization.
Con…
Documentation:
Maintain comprehensive documentation of the
disaster recovery plan, including procedures, contact
information, and recovery steps.
Keep the documentation up to date and accessible to
key personnel.
Regular Review and Update:
Regularly review and update the disaster recovery
plan to account for changes in technology, business
processes, and organizational structure.
 Budget and Funding:
Work with stakeholders to ensure that the necessary budget
and funding are allocated for the implementation and
maintenance of the disaster recovery plan.
Testing and Validation:
Conduct regular testing and validation exercises to ensure
the effectiveness of the disaster recovery plan.
Identify areas for improvement based on test results.
By providing input to these aspects of the disaster
recovery plan, you contribute to building a resilient and
effective framework for responding to and recovering
from disasters. Collaboration with key stakeholders and
a proactive approach to risk management are essential
components of a successful disaster recovery strategy.
Performing regular backup and restore based on disaster recovery policy

Performing regular backup and restore operations is a

critical component of disaster recovery planning. The
goal is to ensure that data can be quickly and effectively
restored in the event of data loss or a disaster. Here are
key steps and considerations for performing regular
backup and restore based on a disaster recovery policy:
Define a Backup Policy:
Establish a clear and comprehensive backup policy that
outlines what data needs to be backed up, how often
backups should occur, and where the backup data will be
stored.
Determine the appropriate backup technologies and
methods based on the organization's needs.
Con…

Identify Critical Data and Systems:

Identify and prioritize critical data, applications, and
systems that are essential for business operations.
Ensure that these critical components are included in
the regular backup routine.
Backup Frequency:
Define the frequency of backups based on the
organization's Recovery Point Objectives (RPO).
Critical systems and data may require more frequent
backups, while less critical data may have less
frequent backups.
Con…
Full and Incremental Backups:
Implement a combination of full and incremental backups.
Full backups capture all selected data, while incremental
backups only include changes made since the last backup.
Offsite Backup Storage:
Store backup copies in an offsite location to ensure data
recovery in the event of a site-wide disaster.
Choose secure and geographically diverse locations to
mitigate risks.
Encryption:
Encrypt backup data to protect it from unauthorized access.
Ensure that encryption keys are securely managed and
accessible only to authorized personnel.
Con…
Testing Backups:
Regularly test the integrity of backups to ensure they
can be successfully restored.
Conduct periodic restoration exercises to verify the
effectiveness of the backup and restore process.
Automated Backup Solutions:
Implement automated backup solutions to
streamline the backup process and reduce the risk of
human error.
Ensure that backup schedules are consistent with the
backup policy.
Con…
Monitoring and Alerts:
Set up monitoring tools to track the success or failure
of backup operations.
Configure alerts for any backup failures or anomalies.
Documentation:
Maintain comprehensive documentation of the
backup procedures, including the types of backups
performed, schedules, and locations.
Document the steps for restoring data from backups.
Con…
Versioning:
Consider implementing versioning for critical data to
retain multiple historical copies.
This can be useful in scenarios where data corruption
or accidental changes need to be addressed.
Regular Review and Update:
Regularly review and update the backup policy to
reflect changes in the organization's technology, data
landscape, and business processes.
Ensure that backup procedures align with the overall
disaster recovery plan.
 Con…
Personnel Training:
Train personnel responsible for backup and restore operations on
the proper procedures and best practices.
Ensure that relevant staff members are aware of their roles
during a data recovery scenario.
Compliance:
Ensure that backup and restore procedures comply with relevant
regulatory requirements and industry standards.
By following these steps and considerations, organizations
can establish a robust and reliable backup and restore
process that aligns with their disaster recovery policy.
Regular testing and validation of the backup strategy
contribute to overall data resilience and business continuity.
 Disseminating disaster recovery plan

Disseminating the disaster recovery plan is a critical

step in ensuring that the organization is prepared to
respond effectively to disasters and disruptions. Proper
communication and awareness are key components of
a successful disaster recovery strategy. Here are steps
to effectively disseminate the disaster recovery plan:
Identify Key Stakeholders:
Identify and compile a list of key stakeholders who need to
be aware of and involved in the disaster recovery planning
process.
This may include senior management, IT personnel,
department heads, and other relevant personnel.
Con…

Document the Disaster Recovery Plan:

Clearly document the disaster recovery plan in a format
that is easily understandable and accessible.
Include key components such as objectives, roles and
responsibilities, contact information, procedures, and
recovery steps.
Customize for Different Audiences:
Tailor the communication of the disaster recovery plan
to different audiences within the organization.
Executives may need a high-level overview, while
technical staff may require more detailed technical
information.
Con…

Create an Executive Summary:

Develop an executive summary that provides a concise
overview of the disaster recovery plan for leadership
and decision-makers.
Highlight key objectives, critical functions, and high-
level recovery strategies.
Communication Channels:
Utilize various communication channels to disseminate
the plan effectively. This may include email, intranet,
company meetings, and training sessions.
Consider using multiple channels to ensure that the
information reaches all relevant parties.
 Training Sessions:
Conduct training sessions or workshops to educate key
personnel on the contents of the disaster recovery
plan.
Ensure that employees understand their roles and
responsibilities during a disaster.
Regular Updates:
Establish a process for regularly updating the disaster
recovery plan and communicate any changes to
relevant stakeholders.
This ensures that the plan remains current and
reflective of the organization's evolving needs.
Con…

Distribution of Hard Copies:

Provide hard copies of the disaster recovery plan to key personnel,
especially those who may not have regular access to digital
resources.
Store hard copies in secure locations and ensure they are easily
accessible when needed.
Confirm Understanding:
Request confirmation from key personnel that they have read and
understood the disaster recovery plan.
Consider conducting brief quizzes or surveys to ensure
comprehension.
Emergency Contact Information:
Clearly communicate emergency contact information, including
whom to contact during a disaster and how to reach them.
Maintain an up-to-date list of contacts.
Con…

Drills and Exercises:

Conduct drills and exercises to test the organization's
response to simulated disasters.
Use these opportunities to reinforce the importance of
the disaster recovery plan and identify areas for
improvement.
Feedback Mechanism:
Establish a feedback mechanism for personnel to
provide input on the disaster recovery plan.
Encourage employees to report any issues or
suggestions for improvement.
Con…

Compliance Requirements:
Ensure that the dissemination of the disaster recovery
plan aligns with any regulatory or compliance
requirements applicable to the organization.
Crisis Communication Plan:
Develop a crisis communication plan that outlines how
information will be communicated to internal and
external stakeholders during a disaster.
Con…
Cultural Considerations:
Consider the organizational culture and
communication preferences when disseminating the
plan.
Adapt the communication strategy to align with the
organization's communication norms.
By carefully planning and executing the
dissemination of the disaster recovery plan,
organizations can enhance overall preparedness
and increase the likelihood of a swift and effective
response in the face of a disaster or disruption.
Unit 3. Monitor network performance
 Performing diagnostic test to monitor
network
 Analyzing and responding to diagnostic
information
 Monitoring software and files
 Delete illegal software and files
 Archive files
 Monitoring performance indicators
 Improving network and systems
efficiency
 Performing diagnostic test to monitor network

What is network performance monitoring and

diagnostics?
 Network performance monitoring and
diagnostic tools provide troubleshooting
workflows and forensic data to identify the
root causes of performance and security issues
and leverages artificial intelligence (AIOps) to
help automate the discovery and alerting
process
Most Common Network Troubleshooting Steps,
Techniques and Best Practices
 As an IT engineer or IT administrator and you are
responsible for the network in your organization,
it’s only a matter of time before a network
problem comes up and everyone’s calling on you
to solve it. The longer it takes to identify the issue,
the more emails you’ll get from staff or clients,
asking you why the problem isn’t solved yet.
 I’ve written this guide on the most common
network troubleshooting techniques and best
practices to give you a starting point and structure
for efficiently resolving issues as they arise.
 How do you perform a network diagnosis?
 You can always start by working through
these simple network troubleshooting steps
to diagnose the issue.
 Check the hardware. ...
 Use ipconfig. ...
 Use ping and tracert. ...
 Perform a DNS check. ...
 Contact the ISP. ...
 Check on virus and malware protection. ...
 Review database logs
 1. Check the hardware.
 When you’re beginning the troubleshooting process, check
all your hardware to make sure it’s connected properly,
turned on, and working. If a cord has come loose or
somebody has switched off an important router, this could
be the problem behind your networking issues. There’s no
point in going through the process of troubleshooting
network issues if all you need to do is plug a cord in. Make
sure all switches are in the correct positions and haven’t
been bumped accidentally.
 Next, turn the hardware off and back on again. This is the
mainstay of IT troubleshooting, and while it might sound
simplistic, often it really does solve the problem. Power
cycling your modem, router, and PC can solve simple issues
—just be sure to leave each device off for at least 60
seconds before you turn it back on
CON…
 2. Use ipconfig.
 Open the command prompt and type “ipconfig” (without
the quotes) into the terminal. The Default Gateway (listed
last) is your router’s IP. Your computer’s IP address is the
number next to “IP Address.” If your computer’s IP
address starts with 169, the computer is not receiving a
valid IP address. If it starts with anything other than 169,
your computer is being allocated a valid IP address from
your router.
 Try typing in “ipconfig /release” followed by “ipconfig
/renew” to get rid of your current IP address and request
a new one. This will in some cases solve the problem. If
you still can’t get a valid IP from your router, try plugging
your computer straight into the modem using an ethernet
cable. If it works, the problem lies with the router.
 3. Use ping and tracert.
 If your router is working fine, and you have an IP address starting
with something other than 169, the problem’s most likely
located between your router and the internet. At this point, it’s
time to use the ping tool. Try sending a ping to a well-known,
large server, such as Google, to see if it can connect with your
router. You can ping Google DNS servers by opening the
command prompt and typing “ping 8.8.8.8”; you can also add “-
t” to the end (ping 8.8.8.8 -t) to get it to keep pinging the servers
while you troubleshoot. If the pings fail to send, the command
prompt will return basic information about the issue.
 You can use the tracert command to do the same thing, by
typing “tracert 8.8.8.8”; this will show you each step, or “hop,”
between your router and the Google DNS servers. You can see
where along the pathway the error is arising. If the error comes
up early along the pathway, the issue is more likely somewhere
in your local network.
 4. Perform a DNS check.
 Use the command “nslookup” to determine
whether there’s a problem with the server
you’re trying to connect to. If you perform a
DNS check on, for example, google.com and
receive results such as “Timed Out,” “Server
Failure,” “Refused,” “No Response from
Server,” or “Network Is Unreachable,” it may
indicate the problem originates in the DNS
server for your destination. (You can also use
nslookup to check your own DNS server.)
 5. Contact the ISP.
 If all of the above turn up no problems, try
contacting your internet service provider to
see if they’re having issues. You can also look
up outage maps and related information on a
smartphone to see if others in your area are
having the same problem.
6. Check on virus and malware protection.
 Next, make sure your virus and malware tools
are running correctly, and they haven’t flagged
anything that could be affecting part of your
network and stopping it from functioning.
7. Review database logs.
 Review all your database logs to make sure the
databases are functioning as expected. If your
network is working but your database is full or
malfunctioning, it could be causing problems
that flow on and affect your network
performance.
 Analyzing and responding to diagnostic information
Analyzing and responding to diagnostic information is a critical
aspect of maintaining a healthy and efficient network. Here are
steps to effectively analyze and respond to diagnostic information
obtained from various network tests:
Collect Diagnostic Data:
Gather data from diagnostic tests, including ping tests, traceroutes,
bandwidth tests, and any other relevant tests performed on the
network.
Ensure that logs from network devices, firewalls, and other critical
components are collected.
Utilize Network Monitoring Tools:
Use network monitoring tools, such as Wireshark, Nagios, or
SolarWinds, to analyze real-time and historical network performance
data.
Visualize network traffic, identify trends, and pinpoint areas of concern.
Con…
Review Syslog and Event Logs:
Analyze syslog and event logs from network devices to
identify any unusual or critical events.
Look for error messages, warnings, and other indicators
of potential issues.
Identify Patterns and Anomalies:
Identify patterns and anomalies in network traffic and
performance metrics.
Look for sudden spikes in traffic, unusual patterns of
communication, or deviations from normal behavior.
Con…
Prioritize Issues:
Prioritize identified issues based on their impact on the network
and critical business functions.
Focus on addressing issues that pose the greatest risk or have the
most significant impact.
Correlate Data:
Correlate data from different sources to gain a holistic
understanding of network behavior.
Identify relationships between events, such as correlating a spike in
bandwidth usage with a specific application or user activity.
Isolate the Problem:
Isolate the specific network component or area that is experiencing
issues.
Determine whether the problem is localized to a particular
segment, device, or service.
Con…
Engage in Root Cause Analysis:
Perform root cause analysis to understand the
underlying reasons for the identified issues.
Consider both immediate triggers and deeper systemic
causes.
Coordinate with Relevant Teams:
Collaborate with relevant teams, including network
operations, security, and system administrators, to
address identified issues.
Ensure effective communication and coordination to
resolve problems efficiently.
Con…
Implement Remediation Strategies:
Develop and implement remediation strategies based on
the analysis of diagnostic information.
This may involve adjusting configurations, applying
patches, or optimizing network settings.
Document Actions Taken:
Document the actions taken to address identified issues.
Maintain a record of changes made to configurations,
updates applied, or any other interventions.
con…
Test and Validate:
Test and validate the effectiveness of implemented
solutions.
Monitor the network after changes to ensure that the
issues have been resolved and that new problems have
not been introduced.
Implement Preventive Measures:
Identify and implement preventive measures to reduce
the likelihood of similar issues occurring in the future.
This may involve updating policies, improving security
measures, or enhancing network configurations.
Con…
Provide Feedback to Stakeholders:
Communicate with relevant stakeholders, including
management and end-users, regarding the identified
issues and the actions taken to address them.
Keep stakeholders informed about the status of the
network and any potential impacts on operations.
Con…
Continuous Improvement:
Establish a culture of continuous improvement by
conducting post-incident reviews.
Identify lessons learned and implement changes to
enhance future diagnostic processes and response
strategies.
By systematically analyzing diagnostic information and
responding effectively, network administrators can
maintain a robust and reliable network infrastructure.
The goal is to minimize downtime, optimize
performance, and enhance the overall resilience of
the network in the face of evolving challenges
Monitoring software and files
Delete illegal software and files
Archive files

Monitoring software and files, along with managing

them appropriately, is a crucial part of maintaining
the security and efficiency of a computer system.
Here are steps for monitoring software and files,
including deleting illegal software and files, and
archiving files:
3.3.1 Delete Illegal Software and Files:
Implement Endpoint Protection:
Use endpoint protection solutions, including antivirus
and anti-malware software, to detect and remove illegal
or malicious software.
Con…
Regular Scans:
Schedule regular scans of the entire system to identify and
remove any unauthorized or illegal software.
Configure the antivirus software to update regularly to detect
the latest threats.
User Education:
Educate users about the risks associated with downloading
and installing unauthorized software.
Promote a culture of compliance with software usage policies.
Network Access Controls:
Implement network access controls to restrict the installation
of software from unauthorized sources.
Ensure that
Con…
users have the necessary permissions to install approved
software only.
Centralized Software Management:
Use centralized software management tools to control and
monitor the installation of software across the network.
Maintain an inventory of authorized software.
Regular Audits:
Conduct regular audits of installed software to identify and
uninstall any unauthorized or illegal applications.
Keep track of software licenses to ensure compliance.
Whitelisting and Blacklisting:
Implement whitelisting and blacklisting policies to control which
software is allowed or prohibited on the system.
Update these lists based on security policies.
 Incident Response Plan:
Develop an incident response plan to address situations
where illegal software is detected.
Define procedures for removing the software and
mitigating potential security risks.
Logging and Monitoring:
Enable logging for software installations and removals.
Regularly review logs to detect any suspicious or
unauthorized software activities.
Con…
3.3.2 Archive Files:
Define Archiving Policies:
Establish clear policies on which files should be archived
based on their importance, age, and relevance.
Define criteria for archiving, such as file type, size, or last
access date.
Automated Archiving Tools:
Use automated archiving tools to streamline the
process.
Schedule regular archiving tasks to reduce manual effort.
Con…
Storage Management:
Manage storage efficiently by moving less frequently accessed
files to archival storage.
This helps maintain optimal performance on active storage
devices.
Backup Important Files:
Before archiving, ensure that important files are backed up to
prevent data loss.
Implement a reliable backup strategy to safeguard critical
information.
Data Encryption:
Consider encrypting archived files to ensure the security of
sensitive data, especially if stored on external or cloud-based
archives.
Con…
Metadata and Indexing:
Maintain metadata and indexing for archived files to
facilitate easy retrieval when needed.
Ensure that the archive is organized and searchable.
Regular Audits:
Conduct regular audits of archived files to verify the
integrity of the archive.
Remove obsolete or unnecessary files to optimize storage
usage.
Access Controls:
Implement access controls on archived files to restrict
access to authorized personnel only.
Maintain a record of who accesses archived files and when.
Con…
Compliance Considerations:
Ensure that archiving practices comply with relevant regulations
and industry standards.
Archive files in a manner that supports legal and compliance
requirements.
Document Archiving Procedures:
Document archiving procedures, including criteria for archiving,
tools used, and retrieval processes.
Ensure that relevant personnel are aware of and trained on these
procedures.
Regular Testing:
Periodically test the retrieval process to confirm that archived files
can be successfully restored when needed.
Verify that the archive remains accessible and that the files are not
corrupted.
 Con…
Periodic Review of Archiving Policies:
Review archiving policies periodically to ensure they align
with changing business needs and technology
advancements.
Update policies based on lessons learned and feedback
from users.
By monitoring software installations, removing illegal
or unauthorized software, and implementing effective
file archiving practices, organizations can enhance
security, compliance, and the overall efficiency of their
computing environment. Regular reviews, automation,
and adherence to best practices contribute to a well-
managed and secure system.
 Monitoring performance indicators
Monitoring performance indicators is crucial for
assessing the health, efficiency, and effectiveness of a
system or network. Performance indicators provide
insights into how well the infrastructure is performing
and can help identify areas for improvement. Here are
key steps for monitoring performance indicators:
Identify Key Performance Indicators (KPIs):
Determine the specific performance indicators that are most
relevant to your organization's goals and objectives.
Common KPIs include latency, bandwidth utilization, CPU
usage, memory utilization, disk I/O, and network errors.
Con…
Establish Baselines:
Establish baseline measurements for each performance
indicator during periods of normal operation.
Baselines serve as a reference point for identifying
deviations and potential issues.
Utilize Monitoring Tools:
Implement monitoring tools that can collect and analyze
performance data.
Choose tools that align with the identified KPIs and can
provide real-time insights.
Con…
Real-Time Monitoring:
Enable real-time monitoring to promptly detect and
respond to performance issues.
Configure alerts to notify administrators when
performance metrics exceed predefined thresholds.
Historical Data Analysis:
Store historical performance data to analyze trends over
time.
Use historical data to identify patterns, forecast future
performance, and plan capacity upgrades.
 Con…
Network Performance Monitoring:
Monitor network performance, including latency, packet loss, and
throughput.
Use tools such as NetFlow analyzers or packet capture tools to gain insights
into network behavior.
Server and Infrastructure Monitoring:
Monitor server performance metrics, including CPU usage, memory
utilization, disk I/O, and system uptime.
Use server monitoring tools to track the health of individual servers and the
overall infrastructure.
Application Performance Monitoring (APM):
Implement APM tools to monitor the performance of applications and
services.
Identify bottlenecks, slow transactions, and areas for optimization.
Database Performance Monitoring:
Monitor database performance
 , including query response times, transaction throughput,
and resource utilization.
Use database performance monitoring tools to optimize
database performance.
Cloud Service Monitoring:
If using cloud services, leverage cloud monitoring tools
provided by the service provider.
Monitor resource usage, service availability, and performance
metrics specific to the cloud environment.
End-User Experience Monitoring:
Implement end-user experience monitoring to understand
how users perceive system performance.
Collect data on response times, application responsiveness,
and user interactions.
Con…
Security Performance Metrics:
Include security-related performance metrics, such as
intrusion detection alerts, firewall activity, and
authentication success/failure rates.
Monitor security performance to identify and respond to
potential security threats.
Capacity Planning:
Use performance data for capacity planning to anticipate
and address future resource needs.
Plan for hardware upgrades, scaling, or additional
resources based on performance trends.
 Con…
Collaboration and Reporting:
Foster collaboration between IT teams by sharing performance data
and insights.
Generate regular performance reports for stakeholders, highlighting key
metrics and trends.
Continuous Improvement:
Continuously review and refine the set of monitored performance
indicators based on evolving business needs.
Implement improvements based on lessons learned and feedback from
monitoring activities.
By actively monitoring performance indicators, organizations can
proactively address issues, optimize resource usage, and ensure a
reliable and efficient IT environment. Regular reviews and
adjustments to monitoring strategies contribute to ongoing
improvements in system performance and overall operational
excellence.
 Improving network and systems efficiency
Improving network and systems efficiency is essential for
ensuring optimal performance, reducing downtime, and
enhancing overall productivity. Here are key strategies and
practices to improve the efficiency of networks and systems:
Network Optimization:
Analyze network traffic and identify bottlenecks.
Optimize network configurations, such as adjusting Quality of
Service (QoS) settings, to prioritize critical traffic.
Implement network segmentation to improve performance and
security.
Bandwidth Management:
Implement bandwidth management strategies to allocate resources
based on priority and demand.
Utilize traffic shaping and bandwidth throttling to ensure fair usage
and prevent network congestion.
Con…
Update and Patch Systems:
Regularly update and patch operating systems, applications, and
firmware to address vulnerabilities and improve system
performance.
Enable automatic updates where possible to ensure timely patching.
Server Virtualization:
Implement server virtualization to optimize resource utilization and
improve scalability.
Use virtual machines (VMs) to consolidate workloads on fewer
physical servers.
Storage Optimization:
Optimize storage systems by implementing deduplication,
compression, and thin provisioning.
Utilize storage tiering to match data access patterns with the
appropriate storage media.
Con…
Cloud Services Optimization:
If using cloud services, regularly review and optimize resource
utilization.
Rightsize instances and services to match actual workload
requirements.
Load Balancing:
Implement load balancing to distribute network or application
traffic evenly across multiple servers.
Improve fault tolerance and prevent overload on specific servers.
Caching Strategies:
Implement caching mechanisms to reduce the load on servers
and speed up access to frequently requested data.
Use content delivery networks (CDNs) to cache and serve static
content efficiently.
Con…
Optimize Database Performance:
Regularly optimize and index databases to improve query
performance.
Implement database caching and utilize appropriate database
storage engines.
Energy Efficiency:
Implement energy-efficient practices, such as server consolidation,
to reduce power consumption.
Use energy-efficient hardware and ensure that unused equipment
is powered down.
Monitoring and Analytics:
Utilize monitoring tools and analytics to identify performance
bottlenecks and trends.
Implement predictive analytics to anticipate and address potential
issues before they impact performance.
Con…
Automated Remediation:
Implement automation for routine tasks and remediation actions.
Use scripts and automation tools to respond to performance
issues promptly.
User Training and Awareness:
Educate users on best practices to reduce unnecessary network
and system loads.
Encourage efficient use of resources and discourage resource-
intensive activities.
Mobile Device Management (MDM):
Implement MDM solutions to manage and optimize mobile
device usage on the network.
Enforce policies to control data consumption and secure mobile
devices.
Con….
Regular Performance Tuning:
Conduct regular performance tuning sessions to
optimize system configurations based on changing
workload patterns.
Adjust parameters such as buffer sizes, connection
limits, and thread counts as needed.
Documentation and Standardization:
Maintain comprehensive documentation of network
and system configurations.
Standardize configurations to simplify management and
reduce the likelihood of misconfigurations.
Con…
Collaboration and Communication:
Foster collaboration between IT teams, including networking,
systems, and application teams.
Ensure effective communication to address cross-functional efficiency
improvements.
Continuous Improvement:
Establish a culture of continuous improvement by regularly reviewing
and updating efficiency strategies.
Encourage feedback from users and IT teams to identify areas for
ongoing improvement.
By implementing these strategies and practices, organizations
can optimize the performance and efficiency of their networks
and systems. Continuous monitoring, regular assessments, and
a proactive approach to optimization contribute to a resilient
and high-performing IT environment.
 LO4. Migrate to New Technology
 Identifying situations for developing new skills.
 Acquiring New or upgraded technology skills
 Identifying new or upgraded equipment.
 Using functions of new or upgraded equipment
 Using Sources of information relating to new or
upgraded equipment
 Seeking Feedback from users.
 Identifying situations for developing new skills.
The need to identify new technology:-
When a new technology emerges, IT professionals wait anxiously
to see how the technology could be used to enhance the current
business functions.
There should be a good business case supporting any decision to
integrate new technology into a business.
When a technology is used to support a task that is not well suited
for the functions and skill levels of the employees, it is likely to be
a waste of time and fail.
In the majority of cases, the lack of skills related to using and
supporting new technology hinders the migration into the new
technology, causing missed opportunities.
Therefore, it is important for you as an IT professional to upgrade
your skills in response to any new technologies that are emerging
in the industry.
 Sources for identifying new technology
As an IT professional, you need be aware of the trends of new technology emerging in the
industry.
The following are some sources amongst many others that will keep you up-to-date with these
changes.

Trade magazines

Trade and business magazines such as Technology and Business constantly introduce IT
professionals to new technologies.
The Internet

The Internet, giving access to World Wide Web, forums, newsgroups and mailing lists, is also a
valuable source of information about new technologies.
Networking

Socializing with other IT professionals and joining professional associations is also a good source
of identifying new technologies available.
Formal training
Attending formal training courses will certainly expose you to new technologies available by
giving you an opportunity to identify new technologies
 Identifying the impact of new technology
New technologies are emerging in the market every day. It is
important that IT professionals are aware of how to identify new
technologies that are appropriate for their organization.
IT professionals need to follow a systematic procedure to identify
the implications of the new technology for all the stakeholders.
Implementing new technology means change. It is expected that
the new technology will make life much easier for users by
providing better mechanisms for performing and managing
regular organizational tasks. However, if we are to be successful in
migrating to new technology then we must anticipate how the
new technology will impact all stakeholders. You should also be
mindful of the magnitude of the impact the technology will have
on the enterprise. Finally you must bear in mind that user
(stakeholder) acceptance is the key to successful implementation
Assessing the impact of new technology on the business

Gather information about the technology

Talk to vendors and other IT professionals to learn as much as possible about
the new technology and other related technologies.
Use IT magazines and other journals to learn about the technology including
legal and political impacts.
How this technology compares with the existing technology to get an idea of
the magnitude of the impact on the organizational functions.

Assess (review) the impact on stakeholders

Assess not only the financial, educational and economic
impact of new technology but also the social, legal and
political impact that new technology will have on the
stakeholders.
 Skills for acquiring and implementing new technology
IT professionals must refresh their skills and use
their existing knowledge when acquiring and
implementing new technologies.
The following are the types of skills essential in
acquiring and implementing new technologies.
Technical skills
Interpersonal and psychological skills
Managerial skills
 Technical skill
Once a new technology is identified, it is
fundamental that you gain the technical skills
necessary before migrating to it. These technical
skills may relate to:-
Hardware,
Software,
Network,
PC support or programming knowledge.
Building technical skills is an ongoing and never-
ending process for an IT professional
 Interpersonal and psychological skills
An IT professional must further develop
interpersonal and psychological skills, so they can
deliver the new technology in a user-friendly
manner.
Psychological skills will give you the ability to create
harmony in difficult situations and promote better
acceptance of new technology.
 Managerial skills
It is important that the IT professional be conversant
in managerial and design skills so that new
technology is chosen and implemented in line with
business objectives.
 Identify classify and use new or upgraded equipment
We have grown to accept technological change. Unless businesses
exploit the advantages of the new technology, they will find that they
can’t compete with businesses that do. Consider the changes to our
lives that have been brought about by such things as telephone
banking, the Internet, e-business, email and so on, and the competitive
advantages such changes have given the organizations that implement
them.
Organizations need to be constantly aware of current or emerging
technology trends and directions in information technology (IT).
IT will continue to evolve and produce more and more new
technology. Many IT managers are very keen to embrace new
technology, anticipating better IT services for the organization.
However, unless new technology is used appropriately, it may not bring
the desired outcome for the organization.
 Assessing the appropriateness of a technology

This involves assessing the technical as well as economic features

of the new technology in the organizational context. It is
important to obtain reliable information about the new
technology from various sources, such as the Internet,

consultants,
colleagues and other IT professionals,
IT supplements of newspapers,
magazines and trade papers,
demonstration versions of software
and vendor catalogues containing drawings, designs and product
specifications
 Features and functions of new or upgraded equipment
Organizational requirements
You must carefully analyze and diagnose
organizational requirements before introducing
new equipment. With the integration of new
equipment into any existing system, change is
unavoidable and it is usually accepted in the
expectation that it would bring about improvement.
Therefore, the first rule in managing technology is
to ensure that the desired outcomes are aligned
with organizational requirements and achievable.
 Con…
Identify organizational requirements
The following questions will help you to identify the
organizational requirements with regard to new technology:
What are the current priorities of the organization?
Is the organization expecting to grow in the near future? If
so, what is the extent of the expected growth?
Will the organizational needs change in the near future?
Does the organization have any budgetary constraints?
How capable are the end users with regard to adapting to
the new technologies introduced? How much training
would they need?
 Con…
Strategic planning for new technology
Most new technology fails when it is implemented
without proper assessment of the factors that
caused the technology to be introduced in the first
place. For successful technology implementation,
you must first analyze the business requirement
that alerted the need for new equipment in the first
place. This is usually found in the IT strategic plan
and business strategic plan.
 Con…
Importance of strategies and planning
Strategy is defined as an elaborate and systematic action to
get something done. Once a company’s goals and
objectives are established, each division must establish
strategies to support the company goals and objectives.
Strategic planning is essential for the successful running of
any business in order to improve customer service and
increase efficiency. Strategic planning gives direction to the
acquisition and integration of new technology. All
important equipment implementations must be carried
out with thoughtful planning within the framework of
these strategies.
 Con…
Technology strategy
When introducing new equipment into any existing system, you
must conform to the technology strategy of the organization
because this will:
Reduce completion time and accelerate the progress by
providing a framework for integrating new technology into the
existing system.
Reduce total IT costs through appropriate technology selection
as well as improve software development and package selection
decisions.
Enable increased return on your technology investments.
Provide a competitive advantage through the strategic use of
information technologies.
 Con…
Integration and implementation strategies
As discussed above, following a systematic procedure can ensure the successful
integration of new equipment into an existing system. You can develop procedures
appropriate to your organization by selecting from the following strategies.
Identify all stakeholders and take their input into account when formulating a
strategy for integration and implementation of new equipment.
Map the organization’s business goals into the information technology
requirements.
Align the IT requirements to existing infrastructure to identify areas that need to be
supported by the new equipment.
Check the readiness of the IT infrastructure to accept the new equipment. This is
critical for the success of your new technology implementation.
Measure success. Strategies must be established to measure success of the new
equipment at each stage of the implementation.
Plan a rollout strategy that may be based on any one of these: department, job
function, physical location and alphabetical order.
Establish effective IT support strategies by reviewing and extending IT support
policies and services to include the new equipment.
 Seeking Feedback from users.
The value of feedback
Feedback is extremely valuable in the evaluation
of hardware and software as it provides an
effective balance for your own observations and
walkthroughs on the system. This is an ongoing
process of keeping IT professionals informed of
the performance and usability of the system and
should not be treated as merely an event.
 Gathering feedback
The goal of collecting feedback from users and
gathering information from other sources is to enable
the technology committee to assess how well the
software and hardware implementation is satisfying
the key usability and performance indicators.

Sources of information
You can gather data from people, documents,
performance data, observation of events or any other
empirical method such as experiments and
benchmarking.
 Basic feedback gathering methods
The ideal form of feedback gathering is to use a combination
of the following methods depending on time and
organizational factors.
Observations, walkthroughs and site visits
These are conducted to get first hand information on
performance and usability features of the system. The
internal or external evaluators will observe all stakeholders
using the technology and observe usability and performance
indicators of the system.
Walkthroughs are conducted where an evaluator walks
through a certain feature to assess how the system performs
that feature with respect to usability and performance
indicators
 Interviews
Here are some tips for conducting interviews:
Choose stakeholders who would have greater or
unique involvement with the new system.
Communicate the purpose of the interview to the
interviewee.
Ask brief questions relevant to performance and
usability of the system.
Don’t interrupt.
Be a good listener.
Take notes.
 Focus groups
These are group interview situations where discussions can take
place about the usability and the performance of the hardware and
software. Here are some tips for conducting focus groups:

Reward the attendees by providing refreshments as this could be a

good motivator.
Start and finish on time.
Be prepared to hear positive and negative comments.
Be prepared with prompting questions to start the discussions about
usability and performance of the system.
Let the participants communicate and listen carefully.
Avoid being defensive.
Listen to all comments.
Engage a note-taker.
 Surveys and questionnaires
These are used to gather quantifiable data about
the system from a large number of people. You
should make allowances for the low response rate
and the slow response time. Here are some tips
for conducting surveys:

State the objective of the survey as evaluating the

performance and usability of the new technology.
Keep the survey to a manageable length.
Use both open-ended and closed questions.
 Analyzing and processing feedback

All data regardless of how and from where it was collected

must be summarized against the performance and usability
indicators so they are more manageable. In almost all case,
both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected and
used.

The performance measurements such as error rates will be

quantitative and will be easy to interpret.
Performance measurements such as reliability could be a
combination of qualitative and quantitative data.
Usability indicators could be qualitative or quantitative.