FIRST AID

MANAGEMENT FOR
COMMON LIFE
THREATENING
CONDITIONS
FIRST AID
 First aid is the first and immediate
assistance given to any person with
either a minor or serious illness or
injury, with care provided to
preserve life, prevent the condition
from worsening, or to promote
recovery until medical services
arrive.
FIRST AID
 MAIN GOAL OF FIRST AID

 preserving life
 preventing injury from getting
worse
 aiding recovery
 relieving pain
 protecting the unconscious
FIRST AID
 DIABETIC EMERGENCY Signs and Symptoms
 a long-term medical condition where the body
cannot produce enough insulin
 2 Common Diabetic Emergency
 Hyperglycemia
 Hypoglycemia

 Management
1. Give high-energy foods or sugar.
2. Only give food if the casualty is conscious.
3. If medical aid is delayed give sugar every
15 minutes.
4. The casualty will recover quickly if low
blood sugar level is the cause.
5. Always check for a medical alert bracelet,
necklace, tattoo or card.
6. If the casualty is unconscious place them
onto their side.
FIRST AID
 HEART ATTACK
 also called a myocardial infarction,
happens when a part of the heart muscle
doesn't get enough blood
FIRST AID
 HYPERTENSION- (high blood
pressure) is when the pressure in your
blood vessels is too high (140/90 mmHg
or higher). It is common but can be
serious if not treated.
What to do?
1. Assess the patient
2. Reassure and calm the patient
3. Encourgare the patient to take slow,
deep breaths through your nose and
exhale through your mouth.
4. Apply cold compresses, such as ice
packs or cold towels, on your forehead,
neck, or
5. Give antihypertensive medication thru
SL
6. Seek medical help if patient continuous
to be unwell
FIRST AID
What to do?
 HYPTENSION- This is a
sudden drop in blood 1. Activate emergency response
pressure when standing from immediately
a sitting position or after 2. Place the person in comfortable position–
lying down. lie them down and keep them warm
 Causes 3. Loosen tight clothing
4. Elevate their feet up above their head to
 dehydration
allow the blood from their legs to flow
 long-term bed rest down into their brain
 pregnancy 5. Stay with them until help arrives, and
 certain medical conditions reassure them
like sepsis 6. Don’t allow them to move about or give
 medications them anything to eat and drink – even if
they’re thirsty
FIRST AID
 STROKE OR CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
FIRST AID
 Anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock)-is a
severe allergic reaction that can occur after
an insect sting or after eating certain foods
 Signs and symptoms
 swelling of your throat and tongue.
 difficulty breathing or breathing very fast.
 difficulty swallowing, tightness in your throat
or a hoarse voice.
 wheezing, coughing or noisy breathing.
 feeling tired or confused.
 feeling faint, dizzy or fainting.
 skin that feels cold to the touch.
FIRST AID
 HEAD INJURY-is any trauma to the
scalp, skull, or brain
 Signs and Symptoms
 unconsciousness – either brief
(concussion) or for a longer period of time
 fits or seizures
 problems with the senses – such as hearing
loss or double vision
 repeated vomiting
 blood or clear fluid coming from the ears
or nose
 memory loss (amnesia)
FIRST AID
 SEVERE VOMITING AND DIARRHEA FIRST AID
 Complications  Assess patients health status
 Dehydration  Reassure the patient
 electrolyte imbalances  If conscious, give patient lots for fluid
 Fainting  Give patient rehydration fluid like oresol,
 heart rhythm abnormalities
Gatorade
 If heart rhythm abnormalities are observed
seek medical help immediately
 If patient becomes unconscious,assess and
start CPR
FIRST AID
 SEIZURE- is a burst of uncontrolled
electrical activity between brain cells
(also called neurons or nerve cells)
that causes temporary abnormalities in
muscle tone or movements (stiffness,
twitching or limpness), behaviors,
sensations or states of awareness
 2 Types
1. Generalized seizures
2. Focal seizures
FIRST AID
 LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS- is a partial or
complete loss of the perception of yourself and
all that around you.
 Fainting, collapse, syncope
FIRST AID
 BURN INJURIES
FIRST AID
 BLEEDING-is the loss of blood from
the circulatory system. Causes can range
from small cuts and abrasions to deep
cuts and amputations.
 Injuries to the body can also result in
internal bleeding, which can range from
minor (seen as superficial bruising) to
massive bleeds.
FIRST AID
 POISONING-is injury or death due to
swallowing, inhaling, touching or
injecting various drugs, chemicals,
venoms or gases
FIRST AID
 SEPSIS-is a condition in which the body has a
systemic response to an infection, often What to do?
leading to organ dysfunction and, in some
cases, death 1. If someone is unwell and you think they
have one or more symptoms of sepsis, seek
medical help immediately.

2. While you’re waiting for help to arrive,

reassure them and keep them comfortable.

3. Monitor their level of response.

FLUID RESUSCITATION
 is the medical practice of replenishing
bodily fluid lost through sweating,
bleeding, fluid shifts or other pathologic
processes
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 The primary role of fluid
resuscitation is to maintain organ
perfusion (hemodynamics) and
substrate (oxygen, electrolytes,
among others) delivery through the
administration of fluid and
electrolytes
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 Body fluids are distributed into
intracellular and extracellular
compartments
 Intracellular compartment - total body
water
 potassium is the dominant cation in the
intracellular fluid.
 Extracellular fluids- interstitial,
intravascular, and trans-cellular spaces
 sodium is the dominant cation in the
extracellular fluid
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 INDICATION
 Trauma
 Sepsis
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 Trauma- is the number one cause of
death in the United States for
individuals between 1 and 44 years of
age
 hemorrhagic shock is the primary cause
of death
 Severe burns with 20% TBSA for both
adult and children are indications of
fluid resuscitation
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 Sepsis- is a leading cause of morbidity and
mortality in critically ill patients with mortality
ranging between 20% to 45%
 Septic shock-is defined as refractory hypotension
that results from a systemic inflammatory
response syndrome (SIRS) caused by or
suspected to be from an infection
 septic shock is systemic vasodilation which results
in hypovolemia, decreased tissue perfusion and
decreased oxygen delivery
FLUID RESUSCITATION
MAJOR TYPES OF FLUIDS
 COLLOIDS
 CRYSTALLOIDS
 BLOOD PRODUCTS
 Whole Blood
 PRBC
 FFP
 Platelets
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 COLLOIDS-a high molecular weight (MW)
substance that largely remains in the
intravascular compartment
 widely used in the replacement of fluid volume
 Examples are Human Albumin,Dextran,Voluven
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 Human Albumin-
 is made of plasma proteins from human blood.
 is used to replace blood volume loss resulting
from trauma such as a severe burns or an injury
that causes blood loss.
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 Administration:
 Human albumin can be administered
by the IV route, either undiluted or
after dilution in an isotonic solution
(eg, 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium
chloride)
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 DEXTRAN
 is a plasma volume expander made
from natural sources of sugar
(glucose)
 used as an adjunctive treatment
 shock or impending shock due to
hemorrhage
 burns, surgery or other trauma,
 prophylaxis of venous thrombosis
and pulmonary embolism during
high-risk medical procedures.
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 ADMINISTRATION
 Each 1 mL of iron dextran injection contains 50
mg of elemental iron. No dilution necessary.
Inject via slow IV at a gradual rate not to exceed
50 mg (1 mL) per minute for adults; take care to
inject dosage very slowly in children and infants.
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 CRYSTALLOIDS
 is an aqueous solution of mineral salts and other small, water-
soluble molecules.
 contain water-soluble electrolytes including sodium and
chloride
 Crystalloid fluids are the first choice for fluid resuscitation in
the presence of hypovolemia, hemorrhage, sepsis, and
dehydration

Other commercially available crystalloid fluids include:

 0.9% Nacl – frequently used Crystalloids

 Lactated Ringer's/Hartman's solution (lactate buffered solution)
 Acetate buffered solution
 Acetate and lactate buffered solution
 Acetate and gluconate buffered solution
 0.45% NaCl (hypotonic solution)
 3% NaCl (hypertonic solution)
 5% Dextrose in water
 10% Dextrose in water
FLUID RESUSCITATION
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 BLOOD PRODUCTS
 any therapeutic substance derived from
human blood
 5 Components
 Red cells, platelets, plasma, cryoprecipitated
AHF (cryo), and granulocytes
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 INDICATIONS
 Anaemia.
 Major Surgical Operation.
 Accidents resulting in considerable blood
loss.
 Cancer patients requiring therapy.
 Women in childbirth and newborn babies
in certain cases.
 Patients of hereditary disorders like
Haemophilia and Thalassaemia.
 Severe burn victims.
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS
 Are made in the bone marrow
 main function is to carry oxygen from
the lungs and deliver it throughout our
body and restore blood volume.
 are made from a unit of whole blood by
centrifugation and removal of most of
the plasma, leaving a unit with a
hematocrit of about 60%
 One PRBC unit will raise the hematocrit
of a standard adult patient by 3% (or
about 1%/mL/kg in a child - 12%/25 kg
with the standard 300 mL PRBC unit)
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 PLATELETS or THROMBOCYTES
 are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood
that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding
 Platelets are made in our bone marrow, the
sponge-like tissue inside our bones.
 mainly indicated to treat or prevent bleeding in
patients with thrombocytopenia or platelet
function disorder
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 PLASMA or Fresh Frozen Plasma- is the liquid
component of your blood
 Also known as blood plasma, it makes up about
55% of your blood and has a light yellow color
 Functions
 maintaining blood pressure
 supplying proteins for blood clotting
 defending the body against disease-causing germs
 transporting nutrients and oxygen
 removing wastes
 balancing pH and fluids
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 CRYOPRECIPITATE
 is prepared from plasma and contains fibrinogen,
factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, factor XIII
and fibronectin
 Cryo is indicated for bleeding or immediately
prior to an invasive procedure in patients with
significant hypofibrinogenemia
FLUID RESUSCITATION
 ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
 Peripheral lines
 Central lines
 Peripherally inserted central catheter
 Tunneled lines