Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE)

Review Class – 01 (Noise)

Course Title: Communication Engineering

Course No.: ECE 3207

Prepared By:
Milton Kumar Kundu
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, RUET
Outline
1. Noise

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What is Noise?
Noise can be defined as an unwanted introduction of energy
tending to interfere with the proper reception and
reproduction of the transmitted signal.

Noise can be added with the signal in the medium or at the

receiver.

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Types of Noise
Noise

External Internal
Thermal Agitation
Atmospheric
Shot
Extraterrestrial Transit Time

Solar Miscellaneous

Cosmic Flicker
Resistance
Industrial
Noise in
mixture
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Thermal Agitation Noise
The noise which is generally produced in the resistances or
resistive elements is called Thermal agitation noise/White
noise/Jhonson noise.
Here, this noise power can be represented by

Where
k= Boltzmann Constant= J/K
T= Absolute temperature
= Signal bandwidth

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Thermal Agitation Noise

So,

Where
= Noise Voltage

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Shot Noise
It is caused by random variations in the arrival of electrons
(or holes) at the output electrode of an amplifying device and
appears as a randomly varying noise current superimposed
on the output.
When amplified, it is supposed to sound as though a shower
of lead shot were falling on a metal sheet. Hence the name
shot noise.
Here, the shot noise current can be represented by

Where
e= charge of electron
= Direct diode current
= Signal bandwidth

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Transit Time Noise
If the time taken by an electron to travel from the emitter to
the collector of a transistor becomes significant to the period
of the signal being amplified, then it is said that the transit-
time effect has taken place.

This noise is caused due to increase in conductance with

increase in frequency.

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Noise Due to Several Sources
If there are two noise sources namely and (produced due to
and respectively), then total noise voltage will be,

So, for “n” sources, the total resistance will be,

And the total noise voltage will be,

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Noise Due to Several Amplifiers
2
1 3

The noise voltage due to at node 3 is given by,

If we consider this noise voltage from node 2, we can find

Where,
So the total resistance at node 2 becomes,

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Noise Due to Several Amplifiers
2
1 3

So, the noise voltage at node 2 is given by,

Now, if we consider this noise voltage from node 1, we get

Where,

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Noise Due to Several Amplifiers
2
1 3

So the total resistance at node 1 becomes,

So, the noise voltage at node 1 is given by,

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Noise Figure
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR): SNR is defined as the ratio of
signal power to noise power.

Noise Figure: Noise figure is defined as the ratio of input SNR

to output SNR.

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Calculation of Noise Figure

Input signal Voltage:

Input signal power:

Input noise Voltage:

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Calculation of Noise Figure

Input noise power:

Input SNR:

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Calculation of Noise Figure

Output signal voltage:

Output signal power:

Let, Output noise power =

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Calculation of Noise Figure

Output SNR:

Noise Figure:

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Noise Figure from Measurement

Input noise voltage:

Output Noise Voltage:

Output noise power:

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Noise Figure from Measurement

Noise figure:

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Mathematical Example
1. Example: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 (Electronic Communication Systems
by George Kennedy & Bernard Davis)

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