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Lesson Objectives:
Explain the importance of meiosis
in sexual reproduction
Define: gamete, zygote, diploid,
haploid
Describe the stages of meiosis
Compare and contrast mitosis
and meiosis
A Quick Review of Mitosis :
I P M
A T
A Conundrum…
Meiosis
Definition: process during cell
division in which the nucleus of a cell
completes two successive divisions
that produces four (gametes), each
with a chromosome number that has
been reduced by a half.
What do diploid
and haploid mean?
Meiosis I Meiosis II
Prophase I Prophase II
Metaphase I Metaphase II
Anaphase I Anaphase II
Telophase I Telophase II
Meiosis in Pictures:
Prophase I:
Chromatin condenses
into chromosomes
Spindle fibers form
nuclear membrane &
nucleolus disappear
Synapsis:
Homologues pair up
Crossing-over may
occur
Metaphase I:
Chromosome pairs
(i.e. tetrads) line
up at cell’s equator
Following Law of
Independent
Assortment
Anaphase I:
Homologous
chromosomes
(not chromatids)
separate from
each other
Called
disjunction
Telophase I:
no Interphase (DNA
does not duplicate)
Interkinesis
(centrioles double)
nuclear membrane
forms
Cytokinesis is
occuring
After Meiosis I we have:
Chromosomes
line up at the
equator in their
respective
daughter cells
Anaphase II:
Centromeres divide
and two chromatids
(single-stranded
chromosomes)
separate and move
towards opposite
poles
Telophase II:
Crossing-Over exchange
of DNA segments from
homologous chromosomes in
prophase I; source of genetic
recombination.
Chiasma – point of contact
between non-sister chromatids
of a homologous pair
(within tetrad formed from
synapsis)
Chromosomes and Cell
Reproduction
Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring
Possibility Possibility
1 2
Two equally probable
arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
Fig. 13-11-2
Possibility Possibility
1 2
Two equally probable
arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
Metaphase II
Fig. 13-11-3
Possibility Possibility
1 2
Two equally probable
arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
Metaphase II
Daughter
cells
Combination Combination Combination Combination
1 2 3 4
Crossing Over
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Fig. 13-12-3
Prophase I Nonsister
of meiosis chromatids
Pair of held together
homologs during synapsis
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Fig. 13-12-4
Prophase I Nonsister
of meiosis chromatids
Pair of held together
homologs during synapsis
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Anaphase
II
Fig. 13-12-5
Prophase I Nonsister
of meiosis chromatids
Pair of held together
homologs during synapsis
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Anaphase
II
Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes
Random Fertilization
Animation: Genetic
Variation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic
Variation Within Populations
• Natural selection results in the accumulation of
genetic variations favored by the environment
• Sexual reproduction contributes to the genetic
variation in a population, which originates from
mutations
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Chiasma MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
Chromosome Chromosome
Prophas replication replication Prophase I
e Homologous
chromosom
Replicated 2n = 6 e
chromosome pair
Metaphas Metaphase
e I
Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Telophase
I Haploid
n=3
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
2n 2n MEIOSIS
II
Daughter n n n n
cells Daughter cells of meiosis
of mitosis
II