ERROR ANALYSIS

Definition and Sources of Errors

 ERROR ANALYSIS

SOME TOPICS IN AREA OF ERROR ANALYSIS WE ARE GOING TO DISCUSS:

• Sources of error: 1. Interlingual transfer; 2. intra-lingual transfer; 3.
context learning; 4. communication strategy
• Examples of errors in Level of interllingual errors: 1. phonology, 2.
morphology, and 3. grammatical error?
• Examples of errors in Types of intralingual errors: false analogy;
misanalysis; incomplete rule application; exploiting redundancy;
overlooking cooccurrence restriction; hypercorrection; overgeneralization.
• Global error and local error?: lexical, morphological, syntactical errors
• Some examples of global error and local error?
 ERROR ANALYSIS

• Mistake: performance error; native speakers make mistake;

inconsistent deviation; user can correct the wrong use
• Error: Lack of knowledge; can not be self-corrected
• Lapses: temporal or accidental error; “slip of the tongue”; failure of
memory
 ERROR ANALYSIS

• Sources of error:
1. Interlingual transfer;
2. Intra-lingual transfer;
3. Context learning;
4. communication strategy
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. Inter-lingual transfer: influence of learner's mother tongue/ first language; (first

language interference or Learner still uses stucture of first language in second language)
(Kesalahan terjadi berdasarkan pada proses pembelajaran bahasa Asing yang masih
terpengaruh oleh bahasa asalnya)
Based on:
a. Phonological
b. Morphological
c. Grammatical

2. Intra-lingual transfer: negative transfer of items within target language (Kesalahan

terjadi berdasarkan penggunaan yang tidak tepat pada sebuah bahasa yang digunakan.
Misal, Seorang yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris tidak sesuai dengan kaidah atau
tata bahasanya)
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. Inter-lingual transfer: influence of learner's mother tongue/ first language; (first language
interference or Learner still uses stucture of first language in second language)
(Kesalahan terjadi berdasarkan pada proses pembelajaran bahasa Asing yang masih
terpengaruh oleh bahasa asalnya)
Based on:
a. Phonological
‘sheep’ is pronounced “ship” (X)
<th> in ‘thank’ is pronounced /t/ (X)

b. Morphological

I go to school yesterday (X) ----- ‘went’ for adverb ‘yesterday’

He read a book everynight (X) ----- he reads
She has a apple (X) --- an apple
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

c. Grammatical
Saya pergi sekolah kemarin
I go to school yesterday (X) ----- past tense ‘went’ for adverb ‘yesterday’
I to school. (X) --- without verb

I read a book everynight (Saya membaca buku setiap malam)

He read a book everynight (X) ----- third person and present tense: he
reads
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

2. Intralingual: error in use of target language/ use of rule/ structure or grammar in target language (second
language)

a. Overgeneralisation (Think all cases have same rules)

“ the user thinks that a rule of grammar can be applied in all cases” (menganggap sebuah aturan tata bahasa
dapat diterapkan di setiap kasus)

- False Analogy:
(thinks that one case and other cases have same rules; failed to distinguish one rule from another)
- Overlooking Co-occurance Restriction/Ignorance of rule restriction: failed to identify the rule restriction

Example:
Overgerenalization in the rule of plural:
noun + s
cats
"gooses" VS "geese"
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

(The use of "much" and "many" in every noun)

"much friends" VS "much money"
"many water" VS "much water"

Overgerenalization in rule of past form:

Verb + ed: decided

taked VS took, taken

I drinked a cup of coffee VS I drank a cup of coffee.

Overgerenalization in rule of verb chain:

Enjoy to read" VS "Enjoy reading"

*The learner is failed to observe the restriction of grammatical rules; thinks that all rule operates in all cases.
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

"willing to learning" VS "willing to learn"

"Enjoy to read" VS "Enjoy reading"

“ stop to read” (berhenti melakukan sesuatu untuk membaca) VS stop

reading (berhenti membaca)
Note:
willing + to [verb]
Enjoy + v-ing
Stop + v-ing VS stop + (to) verb
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

"I know what are you doing" VS "I know what you are doing"
- what are you doing (question)
- what you are doing (noun clause)

“ I don’t know who are you. VS I don’t who you are.

Note:
- There is no the use of interrogative sentence in the complex
sentence.
- The interrogative sentence must be changed into noun clause.
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

b. Incomplete rule Application: the user uses incomplete rule of

grammar. (terdapat unsur—unsur yang tidak digunakan sehingga
tatabahasa yang digunakan tidak lengkap)

identifikasi unsur gramatikal apa yang learner tidak/lupa gunakan

sehingga mengalami kesalahan!!
Ex:
• you like to sing? VS Do you like to sing?
• Both of projects are difficult VS the both of projects are difficult.
*The learner is failed to apply the grammatical rules
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

What elements are omitted in these sentence?

I like lunch at this restaurant
I know you doing
You happy
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

c. Exploiting Redundancy
ex:
"I repeated it again" VS "I repeated it"

(the word "again" can't be used with the word "repeat" because they
are in the same meaning)

"ATM" VS "ATM Machine"

(the word "machine" can't be used with "ATM")
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

d. False concepts/ Misanalysis (salah menerapkan kaidah tata bahasa)

ex:
• "Harry Potter is a beautiful boy" VS "Harry Potter is a good/ handsome
boy“
• "There is dog and cat" VS "there are dog and cat“

*The learner is failed to identify the context or the reference or the

correct rule application.
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

Which elements are not correct in these sentence?

• He is talk to my friend
• He comes to his English teacher’s room
• I bring you to my house.

*The learner is failed to identify the context or the reference or the

correct rule application.
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

e. Hypercorrection (some corrections in writing which indicate write's

inconsistency when he/she writes the sentences/ passages.
 SOURCES OF ERROR:

3. Context of Learning (overlaps both types of transfer in the

classroom or in the learning process)

4. Communication Strategies (errors occur because of communication

strategies)
 ERROR ANALYSIS

• Global error and local error?: lexical, morphological, syntactical

errors
• Some examples of global error and local error?
 Global Error and Local Error
GLOBAL ERROR (Kesalahan Menyeluruh yang dapat mempengaruhi makna) VS LOCAL ERROR
(Kesalahan pada skala kecil dan masih bisa dipahami oleh pembaca/pendengar)

a. Global Errors:
occur in the overall structure of sentences; interfere with the communication; disrupt the meaning of an
utterance; wrong word order in the sentence level ( so it makes wrong sentences/ wrong grammatical
form); affect the interpretation of the meaning of whole sentence.
Global Error: MAKES DIFFERENT MEANING AND MISUNDERSTANDING

b. Local errors:
not hinder the communication and understanding the meaning of an utterance; only occur in one
element error
( in word level, phrase level, and clause level)

We can look at the global errors and the local errors based on:
a.lexical choice error
b.Morphologival error
c.Syntactical error
 Global Error
(makes different meaning and misunderstanding)
1. wrong word order (salah urutan kata):
- My car used my friend, yesterday. VS My car is used by my friend , yesterday.

- I like bird Cendrawasi. VS I like Cendrawasi bird.

(menunjukkan bahwa terdapat cendrawasi jenis burung dan jenis lainnya)

- I live in City Malang. VS I live in Malang City.

(menunjukkan bahwa terdapat Malang jenis kota dan jenis lainnya)
City Malang: a type of Malang which is city.
Malang city: a type of city which is called “Malang”.

2. missing, wrong/missplaced sentences connectors (kesalahan penggunaan kata penghubung).

You will pass the exam but you study hard. VS You will pass the exam if you study hard.
 Global Error
3. Other wrong grammar application (penerapan tatabahasa yang salah):
- She eats bread because she is like it. VS She eats bread because she likes it.
- Mary is an education girl. VS Mary is an educated girl.
- The last Monday, we discussed Phonology. VS Last Monday, we discussed
Phonology.
- Smith is surprised me VS Smith is surprising me.
- I’m surprising VS I’m surprised.
- She found her sister without crying VS She found her sister were not crying.
(“without crying” refers to “She”’; “were not crying” refers to “her sister”)
 Global Error
4. Wrong word choice/word use:
- I go to the bitch VS I go to the beach.

- The brother gets his sister a maleform VS The brother gets his sister a
mailform.
- I prepare coffee to tea VS I prefer coffee to tea./ I prepare coffee and tea.
- Peter made the hold VS Peter made the hole.
- She got pane on her feet. VS She got pain on her feet. (pane: kaca/panel;
pain: nyeri/ rasa sakit)
- I’m cutting my finger VS I cut my finger.
 Local Error
• (morphological error, but still can be understood):
Six book VS six books.
One of my friend VS one of my friends.
She reading a book VS she is reading a book.
My brother write a letter. VS My brother writes a letter.
I goed to school, yesterday VS I went to school, yesterday.
Their teacher didn’t went to the cafe. VS Their teacher didn’t go to the cafe.

• Lexical error/Wrong Word choice:

I find bird’s home VS I find bird’s nest.
He is slicing the tree VS he is sawing down the tree.
The boat runs so fast. VS The boat moves so fast.
 Local Error
SOME OTHER EXAMPLES:
• (X) I think no ( Literally, this is still understandable)
I don’t think so. (saya pikir tidak)

• (X) Thanks before ( Literally, this is still understandable)

Thanks in advance (*mostly used)
Thanks beforehand. (“terima kasih sebelumnya”)

• (X) Thanks anyway. VS Thank you anyway.

• (X) She is good in English. VS She is good at English.