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(Engineering Physics)
Free electron theory
The valence electrons of metallic atoms are free to move about the whole volume of the
metals like the molecules of a gas in a container. The collection of valence electrons from all
the atoms in a given piece of metal forms electron gas. It is free to move throughout the
volume of the metal.
These free electrons move in random directions and make collisions with either positive ions
fixed in the lattice or other free electrons. All the collisions are elastic i.e., there is no loss of
energy.
The movements of free electrons obey the laws of the classical kinetic theory of gas.
The velocities of free electrons in a metal obey the classical Maxwell-Boltzmann law of
distribution of velocities
Diffusion Current
+ -
𝐸
Relationship between current, drift velocity & current density
Mean free path (λ):
The average distance travelled by a free electron between any two successive collisions in the
presence of an applied electric field is known as mean free path. It is the product of drift
velocity vd of free electron and collision time ιc.
It was able to explain the properties of metals such as Electrical and thermal
conductivity.
Ohm’s law
Wiedemann-Franz law (relationship between electric and thermal conductivity)
Optical properties of metals like high luster.
Failure (Free electron theory)
Kronig Penney
model
Band Theory
Band Theory
Energy gap between conduction band and valence band is known as energy
band gap or forbidden energy band gap
Classification of material based on Band Theory
Eg > 3 eV Eg < 3 eV Eg = 0
Semiconductor
• Doped with trivalent impurities e.g. • Doped with pentavalent impurities e.g.
Indium , Gallium, Aluminium, Boron Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony
• Majorities carriers - holes (Sb)
• Minorities carriers - electron • Majorities carriers – electrons
• Impurities are acceptor • Minorities carriers - Holes
• Impurities are donor
Direct band gap semiconductor
Indirect band gap semiconductor are not used for making optical device
Effective mass
Fermi energy distribution function
The photovoltaic effect occurs in solar cells. These solar cells are composed
of two different types of semiconductors - a p-type and an n-type - that are
joined together to create a p-n junction.