HEPATITIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 Introduction 02 Non-viral hepatitis

03 Viral hepatitis 04 Causes

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

05 Symptoms 06 Mechanism

07 Prevention 08 Diagnosis
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

09 Treatment 10 Conclusion

11 Resources
 Introduction
• The word “hepatitis” comes from the ancient Greek
word “hepar” meaning liver and English word “itis”
meaning inflammation.
• Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized as the
widespread inflammation of liver cells, that is caused by a
variety of infectious viruses (viral hepatitis) and non-
infectious agents (non-viral hepatitis) leading to a range of
health problems. The inflammation can vary from mild to
severe and may lead to liver damage.
 Non-viral Hepatitis
• Non-infectious agents that cause hepatitis include
alcohol, medications, toxins, autoimmune diseases,
and metabolic disorders. Hepatitis caused by these
agents is called non-viral hepatitis. It is an
inflammation of the liver that cause scarring
(cirrhosis), liver cancer, liver failure and death.
• Unlike viral hepatitis (caused by viruses like
Hepatitis A,B,C, etc), non-viral hepatitis is
typically not contagious.
 Cont…
There are three types of non-viral hepatitis:
• Toxic Hepatitis- It is caused by chemicals, drugs
(prescription and over-the-counter) and nutritional
supplements.
• Alcoholic Hepatitis- It is caused by drinking too
much alcohol, which harms the liver.
• Autoimmune Hepatitis- It is caused by immune
system attacking the liver causing inflammation,
liver scarring, liver cancer and liver failure.
 Viral Hepatitis

Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C virus
food and water in body fluids (HCV) in body fluids

Hepatitis D Hepatitis E
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) in Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in
blood food and water
 Causes of Hepatitis
• Contaminated food and water
• Immune cells in the body, attack liver ( autoimmune system response)
• Infections from viruses, bacteria, or parasites
• Liver damage from alcohol or poison
• Medicines, such as an overdose of “acetaminophen”
• Fatty liver
• Blood-borne transmission
• Toxic substances
 Symptoms
Low grade fever Nausea and
and fatigue vomiting

Pain or blotting in
the belly area

Juandice Dark urine and

(yellowing of pale or clay-
skin and eyes) colored stool
 Cont…
Other symptoms of hepatitis include:
• Loss of appetite
• Joint pain
• Itchy skin
• Weight loss
• Digestive disorders (i.e. diarrhea)
• Bleeding or bruising
• Hives
• Ascites (fluid collection in abdomen)
• Headache
Mechanism of
Hepatitis
 Mechanism of non-viral hepatitis
Non viral-hepatitis, is characterized by inflammation of the liver not
caused by a viral infection. It involve abnormal immune system where
the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks liver cells. Different
factors contribute to the development of non-viral hepatitis:
• Autoimmune Response- The immune system may erroneously
identify liver cells as foreign and launch an immune response
against them. This autoimmune response leads to inflammation and
damage to the liver.
• Genetic Predisposition- A genetic component in certain
individuals can lead to autoimmune hepatitis.
 Cont…
• Environmental Triggers- Exposure to certain environmental
factors, such as certain drugs, toxins, or infections, may trigger
autoimmune response to cause hepatitis.
• Immunological factors- Dysregulation of the immune system,
including abnormalities in the production of antibodies and
cytokines, may contribute to the development of hepatitis.
• Hormonal influence- Hormonal factors, particularly in women
have been suggested as possible influence on development of
autoimmune hepatitis.
 Mechanism of Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis involve inflammation of the liver due to viral infection.
The most common types are hepatitis A, B, and C. Common modes of
transmission of these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood,
medical procedures using contaminated equipments, transmission
from mother to baby at birth, and consumption of spoiled food.
General mechanism of viral hepatitis in body include following steps:
• Viral Entry- Virus enter in the body through the consumption of
contaminated food or water (hepatitis A), or blood to blood contact
(hepatitis B and C).
 Cont…
• Targeting Liver Cells- The viruses travel through the blood stream
and specifically target hepatocytes, the liver cells.
• Replication- Once inside hepatocytes, the viruses use the host cell’s
machinery to replicate, producing more viral particles.
• Immune Response- Immune system of body detects the presence of
viruses and respond to eliminate them. Immune cells such as T cells
target infected hepatocytes.
• Inflammation- The immune response trigger inflammation in the
liver as a defense mechanism. Inflammation can cause swelling and
damage to hepatocytes. As the liver cells are damaged symptoms may
manifest.
 Cont…
• Chronic Hepatitis- If the immune system is unable to completely
clear the virus, chronic hepatitis develop. Chronic inflammation
persists, leading to ongoing liver damage.
• Liver fibrosis and Cirrhosis- Prolonged inflammation can result
in the formation of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the liver. Extensive
fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis, a condition where normal liver
tissue is replaced by scar tissue.
• Complications- Chronic hepatitis increase the risk of severe
complications, such as liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma
(liver cancer).
Cont…
 Prevention
• Wash your hands properly with soap and water
• Avoid raw and uncooked food consumption
• Avoid alcohol consumption
• Use sterile injections and other medical equipment
• Vaccinate against hepatitis
• Drink safe and clean water
• Practice proper food hygiene
• Avoid sharing personal items
• Regularly screen for hepatitis infection
 Diagnosis
• Medical history and physical examination
• Imaging studies (ultrasound, MRI, CT scan)
• Liver function test (i.e. ALT, AST, bilirubin)
• ELISA testing
• Liver biopsy
• Genetic testing
• Serological (blood tests for viral antigen)
 Treatment

Antiviral Mediaction Liver Transplant

Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) For end-stage hepatitis,
for hepatitis C and Tenofovir, when the liver is significantly
or entecavir for hepatitis B damaged

Lifestyle modification Interferon therapy

Alcohol cessation, rest, Boost immune system to
hydration and healthy diet fight the virus, used for
consumption hepatitis B and C
 Conclusion
In conclusion, hepatitis encompasses a group of viral
infections, that effect liver health. The approach of
treating hepatitis varies depending on the specific
type and severity of infection. Seeking medical
advice, timely diagnosis, and adherence to prescribed
treatments are essential for managing hepatitis
effectively.
 Resources
•
• https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/gastroenterology-colorectal-surgery/non-viral-hepatitis

• “Hepatitis” https://www.who.int/health-topics/hepatitis

• “Hepatitis | Definition, Types, Causes, & Symptoms | Britannica”

https://www.britannica.com/science/hepatitis

• “Molecular mechanisms of viral hepatitis induced hepatocellular carcinoma – PMC”

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7579760/

• “Medical Treatment for Hepatitis | NYU Langone Health”

https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hepatitis/treatments/medical-treatment-for-hepatitis
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CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,

including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik