Traumatic

brain injury

KINZA SOHAIL
ROLL NO 32
 Falls are the leading cause of
TBI (32%) followed by RTA
Traumatic brain injury is the
(19%) . Children / youmg adults
leading cause of Injury related
( less than 25 years old) and
death
older adults are moSt at risk of
experiencing TBI.
• Generally speaking Brain tissue damage
can be categorised as :
• 1 ) P R I M A RY I N J U RY : I t i s d u e t o d i r e c t
trauma to parenchyma . Primary tbi results
from Either brain tissue coming into
contact with an object( such as bullet or
sharp instrument creating a penetrating
injury) or rapid acceleration or declaration
of the brain
• 2 ) S E C O N D A RY I N J U RY : I t r e s u l t s f r o m
a cascade of biochemical Cellular and
molecular events That evolve over time
due to initial injury and injury related
hypoxia ,edema and elevated intracranial
pressure (ICP)
Impairments
commonly associated
with TBi
• 1 N E U R O MU S C U L A R : p a r e s i s ,
abnormal tone , motor function,
Postural control
• 2 COGNITIVE: arousal Level ,
attention, concentration,
m e m o r y, L e a r n i n g
• 3 N E U R O B E H AV I O R A L :
Apathy , emotional lability ,
aggression, disinhibition, mental
inflexibinflexibility .
• 4 C O M MU N I C AT I O N
• 5 S WA L L O W I N G
Secondary impairments
and medical complications

• D u e To h i g h p o t e n t i a l o f p r o l o n g
immobility patients with tbi are at risk of
developing a number of other secondary
impairments and Other medical issues
• Deep venous thrombosis
• Pressure ulcer
• Pneumonia
• Chronic pain
• Contracture
• Muscle atrophy
• Fracture
• Peripheral nerve damage
Diagnosis and
prognosis
• T b i is g e n er a lly c a te g o r is e d a s
S e v er , m o d er a te a n d m ild u s in g
th e G LA S G O W C O MA S C A L E
Characterist
ics of
mild ,moder
ate and
severe TBI
Continuum of care and interdisciplinary
team
• The foundation for successful rehabilitation Following tbi
is an interdisciplinary team. An interdisciplinary team
Approach is essential in providing The most comprehensive
care that will lead to maximising functional recovery
• PATIENT AND FAMILY
• th e p atie n t a n d F a m ily a r e a t th e c e n te r o f th e te a m . F a m ily e m b e r s
sh o u ld b e in te r v ie w e d to o b ta in in f o r m a tio n A b o u t th e p a tie n ts lif e s ty le
an d o th er r e c r e a tio n a l a c tiv itie s

• PHYSICIAN
• T h e p h y sic ia n o v e r s e e in g th e c a r e o f p a tie n t w ith a b r a in in ju r y is
u su a lly a p s y c h ia tr is t a n d N e u r o lo g is t
SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST
• SLP plays an important and diverse role in rehabilitation. The
SLP examines , evaluates and treats communication swallowing
and cognitive impairments

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST
the occupational therapist examines the diminished ability Of
patient to perform ADL Includes dressing , self feeding , bathing
and grooming . Instrumental ADL include home management,
house keeping , grocery shopping , driving and phone use etc
• REHABILITATION NURSE
th e n u r se is r e s p o n s ib le f o r d is p e n s in g m e d ic a tio n s a n d C lo s e ly
m o n ito r in g th e ir e ff e c ts . T h e n u r s e w ill in itia te a b o w l a m d b la d d e r
r etr ain in g p r o g r a m in a s s is t f e e d in g p a tie n t in le a r n in g to b e c o m e
co n tin en t ag a in .

NEUROPHSYCHOLOGIST
He will perform testing When appropriate to determine
the patients basline cognitive functioning. He will also assist
the team in developing A behavioral management program
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Reh ab i l i tati on an d overal l vi ew

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Thank you