Pharmaceutical dosage

forms
Adeeba younus
19451T0001
 Pharmaceutical dosage forms
Defination: Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are
delivered to the site of action within the body.

Need for dosage forms:

● Accurate dose
● Masking taste and odour
● Protection from gastric juices
● Sustainable release
● Controlled release
● Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal,vagina).
● Optimal drug action
Based on route of administration
Oral route:

Oral administration is a route of administration where a substance is taken

through the mouth.
Examples:powders,tablets

Parenteral route:
Parenteral drug administration can be taken literally to mean any non-oral
means of drug administration, but it is generally interpreted as relating to
injection directly into the body, by-passing the skin and mucous membranes.
The common routes of parenteral administration are intramuscular (IM),
subcutaneous and IV.
Examples:iv,im,sc
Transdermal route:

Transdermal is a route of administration wherein active ingredients are

delivered across the skin for systemic distribution. Examples include
transdermal patches used for medicine delivery. The drug is administered in
the form of a patch or ointment that delivers the drug into the circulation
for systemic effect.
Examples:ointments,creams,lotions
Intraocular

Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes,

most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to
combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include
bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye.
Examples:solutions,suspensions,ointments
Sublingual route:

Sublingual administration involves placing a drug under your tongue to

dissolve and absorb into your blood through the tissue there. Buccal
administration involves placing a drug between your gums and cheek, where
it also dissolves and is absorbed into your blood.
Examples:tablets,lozenges
Rectal/vaginal route:

Rectal administration uses the rectum as a route of administration for

medication and other fluids, which are absorbed by the rectum's blood
vessels, and flow into the body's circulatory system, which distributes the
drug to the body's organs and bodily systems.
Examples:supposititories,enemas
Intranasal route:

Nasal sprays are a liquid solution or suspension of medicine. They are

sprayed into the nostrils, usually to produce a local effect directly inside
the nose. Some nasal sprays are used to administer medicine that acts on
other parts of the body.
Examples:sprays,inhalation
Based on physical state:

.
Solid dosage form:

● Powders: Solid dosage forms containing finely divided particles in micron size
● Tablets: Solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without excipients
● Granules: Aggregate of particles
● Capsules: Drug enclosed with gelatin capsule
● Cachets: Drugs enclosed with wafer sheet of rice
● Pills: Small tablet containing excipients
● Lozenges: Solid preparations containing sugar and gum used to medicate mouth and throat
● Suppositories: Solid dosage containing medicaments with suitable suppository base that
inserted in to the body cavities other than mouth, like rectum, vagina etc.
● Poultices: Solid dosage form converted to paste like preparation used externally in the skin to
reduce inflammation
Liquid dosage form:

● Collodions: Liquid preparations for external use having nitro cellulose used to protect the skin
● Droughts: Liquid preparations for oral containing medicament available in single dose or
multiple dose
● Elixirs: Liquid preparation for oral containing medicaments with suitable excipients
● Emulsions: Biphasic liquid dosage form for oral containing medicaments in which fine oil
globules dispersed in continuous phase
● Suspensions: Biphasic liquid dosage form for oral containing medicaments in which fine solid
particles suspended in continuous phase
● Enemas: Liquid preparation for rectal containing medicaments
● Gargles: Concentrated aqueous solutions for external use used to treat throat
infections.
● Gels: Aqueous colloidal suspensions containing medicaments used as antacids.
● Linctuses: Viscous, liquid oral preparations used to relief cough.
● Lotions: Liquid preparations for external application usually applied without
friction.
● Liniments: Liquid preparations for external application usually applied with friction.
● Mixtures: Liquid oral preparations containing one or more medicaments.
● Mouth washes: Concentrated aqueous solutions for external use used to treat
mouth infections and oral hygienic.
● Nasal drops: Liquid preparations containing medicaments that are instilled in to the
nose with a dropper used to treat nose infections and blockage of nose.
● Paints: Liquid preparations for external application to the skin or mucous
membrane with soft brush.
● Solutions : Clear liquid preparation containing with or without medicaments used to
internal or external preparations.
● Syrups: Sweet, viscous, concentrated liquid preparations containing with or without
sugar and medicaments.
Semi solid dosage forms:

1. Ointments: Semisolid dosage forms for external use containing

with or without medicaments with suitable ointment base
2. Creams: Semisolid dosage forms for external use containing with or without
medicaments with suitable fatty base
3. Paste: Semisolid dosage forms for external use containing high proportion of finely
powdered medicaments with suitable fatty base
4. Gels: Transparent semisolid dosage forms for external use containing hydrophilic or
hydrophobic base with gelling agents
5. Poultices: Semisolid dosage forms for external use containing medicaments applied
to the skin to hold the dressing and protective
Gaseous dosage form:

● Aerosols: Suspension of fine solid or liquid particles with gas used to apply drug to
respiratory tract having atomizer with in device
● Inhalations: Internal liquid preparations containing medicaments dissolved in
suitable solvent or if insoluble suspended in the propellent
● Sprays: Gaseous preparations of drugs containing alcohol applied to mucous
membrane of nose or throat with atomizer or nebulizer
Based on site of application:
1. Skin- Ointments, creams, lotions, liniments
2. Eye- Solutions, ointments, creams
3. Tooth- Tooth powder, tooth paste
4. Hand- Hand creams, lotions, hand washings
5. Foot- Creams, ointments, dusting powders
6. Hair- Hair cream, hair lotions, shampoos, hair
fixing
7. Nasal- Solutions, sprays, inhalations