PROFESSIONAL - PRACTICE

BY - Ayantu Emana / ID:GSR 0016/16

Submitted to: Dr.Senait N.

Assignment I
1. Phases of architectural design
2. Deliverable documents
1.Phases of Architectural Design
There are FIVE BASIC DESIGN PHASES to architectural services:
1. Schematic Design
2. Design Development
3. Construction Documents
4. Bidding, and
5. Construction Observation.
These phases are the breakdown of how an architect defines their design
services and their role in design process regardless of the type or size of the
project. 1
The five phases of design is also a way for architects to break up the work
they do into categories that should be easier for everyone to understand.
o Understanding design phases can help explain what architects do and how
the project is structured.
o Before beginning these design phases the client and the architect will
discuss further , during an initial consultation meeting initial consultation
will generally result in a proposal for the architect services as well as a
breakdown of their fees.
At this point, the client will have the option to either sign the
contract "as-is" or negotiate the particulars to their satisfaction.

Once they have come to an agreement, they will document any

"existing conditions" through field studies and gather any relevant
architectural data to initiate the first phase of the architectural 2
design process.
 Pre-design &programming services

Bubble Diagram
While there are five distinct phases of architectural design, some research and planning
must be done to enable those phases.
This is often considered the Pre-design and Programming stage/phase, often
considered an Additional or Extra Service. Pre-design and programming are general
terms for what an architect do before he/she start designing a building.
This will include preliminary research on the client's part and possibly the architect's.
This phase can be a lengthy or short process depending on the type of project and its
complexity. 3
At this level, the client must identify, to the best of their ability, the project scope of work as
well as the perceived schedule and budget.

In this phase the architect research, analyze, and evaluate all of the client's
requirements, building code and zoning regulations, as well as site data to develop
recommendations on the feasibility of a project. Some Pre-design tasks may include:

Review applicable zoning and ordinances, known site conditions,

results of feasibility studies, preliminary impact of environmental,
zoning, and other regulations, legal documents related to site and
building regulation,
Request property survey, preliminary geotechnical studies as
required, hazardous materials testing,
create preliminary sustainability goals, space planning and
adjacency bubble diagrams, design goals including scope of work,
existing condition drawings as required, building program ,
conceptual budgeting, conceptual schedule 4
The 5 main phases of architectural design

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1.SCHEMATIC DESIGN (SD)
: is the first phase of actually designing the project. During this phase, the Architect and the
client discuss the project and any requirements provided by the client.
The architect does precedent research and any analysis of the property including zoning and
building code issues that may affect the specific development. Individual space planning is
done at this time where the client provides the architect with a list of what spaces are going
into the building.
The architect establishes the size, location, and relationships between all the spaces. The
basic goal of Schematic Design is to establish the shape and size of the building with some
basic plans of the spaces.
Schematic is where we figure out more or less how the building will look and operate. This
phase has a great deal of sketching and modeling with lots of meetings with the client and is
the outline for the entire project.
Once the basic design is presented and the architect provides the client
with drawings, the architect and client will agree, in writing, to proceed to
the next phase of design. 6
2. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT (DD)
In Design Development the architect and client work together to select materials including
interior finishes and products such as windows, doors, fixtures, appliances, and materials.
The architect revises the initial drawings based on the client's comments from the Schematic
Design phase, capturing more specifics and details with these freshly revised sketches.
Preliminary engineering will start on the structure as well as plumbing, electrical,
heating/ventilation systems, energy analysis and any other project specific systems.
At the end of Design Development, a good deal of product selection and systems design
should be progressing. This phase concludes when the interior and exterior design of the
building is firmly established by the owner and architect.

At the end of this phase, the architect can submit for planning
entitlements and start collecting estimates from General Contractors
that may be interested in the project.
Once the architect provides the client with the drawing changes, the
architect and owner will agree, in writing, to proceed to the next phase
of design. 7
3. CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS (CD)
By now, client and architect will have settled on a final design and will begin preparing
drawings, notes, and most technical specifications necessary for bidding, construction, and
permit application.
The Construction Documents Phase is the largest of all the phases, In the construction
document phase the architect and engineers will finalize all the technical drawing and
engineering including detailing. Heating , air conditioning and ventilation systems,
plumbing, electrical, gas, energy calculations, and all products and materials are selected
and/or scheduled.
In the construction documentation phase, architects create a comprehensive set of drawings,
specifications, and other documents required for the construction and realization of the
project. These documents provide detailed instructions and information for contractors and
builders to carry out the construction process accurately.
The construction documents cover architectural, structural, mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing systems, among others.
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4. BIDDING (BD)
: is where the owner prepares to select the contractor for the job and sign contracts to
proceed with construction. Multiple contractors submit bids on the job or the client can
directly hire a contractor without getting competitive bids. The architect's role here will be to
assist the client, answer contractors' questions provide any additional documentation if
requested by or needed by the contractor.
Having an architect on clients side during the bidding phase of construction is of great
advantage to the client. At minimum, the architect aid in developing a list of qualified
contractors for the bid list as well as submitting bid packages to bidders. But the architect
can also review submitted bids, provide analysis, and help the client compare the cost figures
that received from the bidders.
This phase will ensure the contractors are reading the blueprints correctly
and are providing an accurate bid for the project. Having an architect to
consult with during this phase of the project can help the client to
navigate what can often be a confusing process and can provide the client
with extra reassurance that he is hiring the best contractor for the project.
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5.CONSTRUCTION OBSERVATION (CO)
Once the design is documented and approved, architects enter the construction
administration phase. During this phase, they oversee the construction process to ensure that
the design is implemented as intended.
Architects may visit the construction site regularly, review progress, address any design-
related issues or changes, and coordinate with contractors, subcontractors, and other
stakeholders. They act as a liaison between the client and the construction team to ensure the
project's successful completion.

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2.Deliverables Documents
During the approval process, architects typically provide various
deliverable documents to stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and clients to
obtain approvals and permissions for the project. The specific documents
required may vary depending on the location, project type, and
applicable regulations. Here are some common deliverable documents:

1. Architectural Drawings: These include plans, elevations, sections,

and details that illustrate the design and spatial arrangement of the
building or space. The drawings show dimensions, materials, structural
elements, and other architectural features.

2. Site Plans: Site plans depict the project's location on the site,
including property boundaries, access points, parking areas, landscaping,
and any other site-specific details. They may also show neighboring
structures and their relationship to the proposed design. 11
3. Floor Plans: Floor plans provide an overhead view of each floor of the
building, showing the layout of rooms, circulation paths, and the
arrangement of walls, doors, and windows. These plans help stakeholders
understand the spatial organization and flow of the building.

4. Elevations: Elevations are drawings that show the exterior views of the
building from different perspectives. They depict the building's facades,
including the arrangement of windows, doors, materials, and architectural
details. Elevations help assess the building's appearance and integration with
its surroundings.

5. Sections: Sections are vertical or horizontal cut-through views of the

building that show the relationships between different levels, structural
components, and interior spaces. They provide insights into the building's
scale, proportions, and how various elements come together.

6. Specifications: Specifications are written documents that provide

detailed information about the materials, finishes, construction methods, and
quality standards for the project. They outline the technical requirements
and standards to be followed during construction. 12
7. Material Sample Boards: Material sample boards or palettes include
physical samples of proposed materials, finishes, colors, and textures. They
allow stakeholders to visualize and evaluate the aesthetic and tactile
qualities of the selected materials.

8. 3D Renderings and Visualizations: These are computer-generated or

hand-drawn representations of the project that provide realistic or
conceptual visualizations of the design. Renderings help stakeholders
visualize the project in a more immersive and realistic manner.

9. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency Reports: Depending on the

project's scope and requirements, architects may provide reports that outline
the sustainability features, energy efficiency measures, and environmental
impact of the design. These reports demonstrate compliance with green
building standards or regulations.

10. Fire Safety and Accessibility Documentation: Architects may also

need to provide documentation related to fire safety measures, accessibility
compliance, and any other specific regulatory requirements. This may
include fire escape plans, accessibility details, and compliance certificates 13
PROFESSIONAL - PRACTICE
BY - Ayantu Emana / ID:GSR 0016/16
Submitted to: Dr.Senait N.

Assignment II
1. Comparison between International&
Ethiopian laws & regulations
Ethiopian laws & regulations
This code, named ‘EBCS-General: Building Spatial Design Code’, is prepared as part of a
comprehensive Ethiopian Building Code and Standards (EBCS) preparation process sponsored by the
Ministry of Works and Urban Development by virtue of the powers vested in it by Article 57(1) of the
Ethiopian Building Proclamation No.624/2009.

SECTION 1. SITE PLANNING AND LAND USE

1.1.Introduction
The purpose of this section is to provide minimum requirements for fire safety, health safety,
accessibility and energy efficiency of building site use and organization which includes
elements such as land use, building access, building density, plot coverage, building
orientation, setback, on-building and off-building planting and landscaping, organization of
signs or building use communication systems and building accessibility.
1.2. Land Use
1.2.1. Approval of plans submitted for review shall be subject to compliance to the Standard,
EBCS 13 s and land use and zoning regulations, when available. 1
1.2.2. In the event that amendment to the land use regulations is applied for the application
shall also include evidence that the desired land use conforms to the intent of the Standard.
1.3. Building Organization
1.3.1 Access, Density and Coverage
1.3.1.1 Lots on which buildings are proposed to be built shall be accessible by a public road
having a minimum of 4 meters width.
1.3.1.2 The total floor area of a building shall be computed in accordance with EBCS 13 in
addition to the maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) specified for the site in city planning
regulations.
1.3.1.3 The area of plot covered by a building shall be in accordance with EBCS 13 in
addition to the maximum Building Area Ratio (BAR) specified for the site in city planning
regulations.

2
1.3.2 Building Orientation
1.3.2.1 Windows and openings to all building spaces intended for human occupancy facing
intense sun radiation (facing west and south-west) shall be provided with effective radiation
protection in order to prevent their covering and shifting to artificial means of lighting of the
building space by users.
1.3.2.2 Windows and openings to all building spaces intended for human occupancy shall be
orientated away from direction of flow of polluted air.
1.3.2.3 Windows and openings to all building spaces intended for human occupancy shall be
orientated away from sources of distractive noise.
1.3.2.4 Front, side and rear setbacks shall comply with relevant fire and energy conservation
codes in addition to city planning regulations.

3
1.3.3 Accessibility
1.3.3.1 When a building, or portion of a building, is required to be accessible, accessible
routes within the site shall be provided from public transportation stops, accessible parking
and accessible passenger loading zones and public
1.3.3.2 Streets or sidewalks to the accessible building entrance served.
1.3.3.3 An accessible route shall not be required between site arrival points and the building
or facility entrance if the only means of access between them is a vehicular way not
providing for pedestrian access.
1.3.3.4 At least one accessible route shall connect accessible buildings, accessible facilities,
accessible elements and accessible spaces that are on the same site.
1.3.3.5 An accessible route is not required between accessible buildings, accessible facilities,
accessible elements and accessible spaces that have, as the only means of access between
them, a vehicular way not providing for pedestrian access.
4
1.3.3.6 When a building, or portion of a building, is required to be accessible, an accessible
route shall be provided to each portion of the building, to accessible building entrances
connecting accessible pedestrian walkways and the public way. Where only one accessible
route is provided, the accessible route shall not pass through kitchens, storage rooms,
restrooms, closets or similar spaces.
1.3.4 Planting and Landscaping
1.3.4.1 All buildings shall have on-building and off-building planting amounting in
aggregate area to at least 15% of their lot area.
1.3.4.2 All new buildings and additions over 50m2 shall be landscaped. Such landscaping
shall be completed within 1 year from the date of occupancy of the building.
1.3.4.3 Front yards required by this code shall be completely landscaped, except for those
areas occupied by access driveways, walls and structures.
1.3.4.4 All flanking street-side side yards shall be completely landscaped, except for those
areas occupied by utilities, access driveways, paved walks, walls and structures.
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1.3.4.5 All live landscaping required by this code shall be properly maintained. All dead or
dying landscaping shall be replaced immediately and all sodden areas mowed, fertilized
and irrigated on a regular basis.

SECTION 2. SERVICES
2.1 Ventilation
2.1.1 All building spaces shall be provided with natural or mechanical ventilation.
2.1.2 All rooms used for human occupancy shall be provided with natural ventilation
according to accepted standards unless conditions acceptable to the building official
warrant the use of mechanical ventilation.
2.1.3 Natural ventilation of a human occupancy space shall be through windows, doors,
louvers or other openings to the outdoors. The operating mechanism for such openings
shall be provided with ready access so that the openings are readily controllable by the
building occupants.
2.1.4 The minimum openable area to the outdoors for ventilation shall be 15 percent of the
floor area being ventilated. 6
2.1.5 When rooms and spaces without openings to the outdoors are ventilated through an
adjoining room, the opening to the adjoining room shall be unobstructed and shall have an
area of not less than 15 percent of the floor area of the interior room or space, but not less
than 2.5m2. The minimum openable area to the outdoors shall be based on the total floor
area being ventilated.
2.2 Lighting
2.2.1 Every space intended for human occupancy shall be provided with natural light by
means of exterior glazed openings.
2.2.2 The minimum net glazed area of a space intended for human occupancy shall not be
less than 15 percent of the floor area of the room served.
2.2.3 Exterior glazed openings shall open directly onto a public way or onto a yard or court
in accordance with section 6, except:
A. Required exterior openings are permitted to open In to a roofed porch where the
porch:
7
 I. Abuts a public way, yard or court.
II. Has a ceiling height of not less than 2100 mm
III. Has a longer side at least 65 percent open and unobstructed.
B. Skylights are not required to open directly onto a public way, yard or court.
2.2.4 Glazed wall openings and skylights shall be free of obstructions and provided with
means for cleaning in order to maintain adequate supply of natural light and prevent the use
of artificial light.
2.2.5 All occupancies other than dwelling occupancy shall be provided with means to
generate at least 5% of their energy consumption themselves.
2.2.6 For the purpose of natural lighting, any room may be considered as a portion of an
adjoining room where one-half of the area of the common wall is open and unobstructed and
provides an opening of not less than 1/10th of the floor area of the interior room or 2.5 m2,
whichever is greater.
2.2.7 All building spaces shall be provided with artificial light of an average illumination
complying with relevant standards and EBCS 10. 8
2.3 Water Supply and Sanitation
2.3.1 Every space intended for human occupancy shall be provided with access to water and
sanitation.
2.3.2 All buildings for human occupancy shall be provided with toilets whose number, floor
area and range of service are in accordance with acceptable standards.
2.3.3 All public buildings in areas where municipal water supply of not less than 75 litters
per person per day is available shall be provided with flush type toilets.
2.3.4 All public buildings shall be provided with gender separated toilets.
2.3.5 All buildings required to be accessible to physically challenged persons shall be
provided with accessible toilets in accordance with acceptable standards.
2.3.6 All buildings with flush type toilets shall be provided with reserve water supply tanks
in accordance with EBCS 9.

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2.3.7 All buildings intended for human occupancy in other than dry regions shall be provided
with roof water harvesting mechanisms.
2.3.8 All buildings with a Building Area Ratio (BAR) of 80 percent and less shall be
provided with mechanisms that can retain their surface water on lot.

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International laws & regulations
1. Accessibility:
o The IBC provides guidelines for designing and constructing accessible features in
buildings to ensure compliance with accessibility standards.
o Accessible Entrances: The IBC specifies the number and location of accessible entrances
based on the size and occupancy of the building. Accessible entrances must have a
minimum clear width, accessible routes leading to them, and appropriate hardware and
maneuvering clearances.
o Accessible Routes: The IBC requires accessible routes throughout the building, including
corridors, hallways, and paths of travel. These routes must be free of obstacles, have
appropriate width and slope, and include features such as ramps, elevators, and lifts where
necessary.
o Accessible Parking: The IBC sets requirements for accessible parking spaces, including
their number, location, size, and signage. Accessible parking spaces must have an adjacent
access aisle that provides sufficient width for wheelchair users to enter and exit vehicles.
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2. Density and Coverage
o Density and coverage regulations govern the maximum permitted building density and the
amount of land that can be covered by buildings on a site. These regulations help manage
population density, preserve open space, and maintain community aesthetics. The IBC
provide guidelines on the maximum floor area ratio (FAR), which is the ratio of the total
floor area of a building to the area of the lot on which it is constructed. The IBC also
include provisions for setbacks, building height limitations, and other factors that influence
density and coverage.
3. Planting and Landscaping
Site Development: The IBC focused on requirements for site development that encourage the
preservation of existing trees and vegetation. It also address erosion control measures during
construction to protect the landscape. Planting Areas and Green Spaces: The IBC establish
requirements for the provision of planting areas and green spaces on a site. These provisions
include guidelines for the minimum area of planting beds, tree planting, and the use of native
or adapted vegetation.
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2. Lighting and Ventilation
o The International Building Code (IBC) includes provisions related to ventilation and
lighting to ensure the health, safety, and comfort of occupants within buildings. Here are
some general considerations outlined in the IBC regarding ventilation and lighting:
Ventilation:
o Natural Ventilation: The IBC provide guidelines for natural ventilation, allowing for the
use of openable windows, operable vents, or other means to facilitate the exchange of air
between indoor and outdoor spaces.
o Mechanical Ventilation: The IBC typically includes requirements for mechanical
ventilation systems. These provisions cover areas such as the minimum amount of
ventilation air required per occupant or per square footage, the design and installation of
ventilation equipment, and the distribution of ventilation air within the building.
o Exhaust Systems: The IBC address exhaust systems for specific areas such as restrooms,
kitchens, laboratories, or mechanical rooms. These requirements ensure the removal of
contaminants, odors, and excess moisture from the building. 14
Lighting:
Natural Lighting: The IBC may encourage the use of natural lighting by specifying
requirements for the minimum amount of glazing or windows in habitable spaces. The
provisions may address factors such as day lighting, views to the outdoors, and light
transmission through glazing.
Artificial Lighting: The IBC typically includes provisions for artificial lighting systems,
including requirements for the minimum illumination levels in various spaces such as
corridors, stairwells, work areas, and emergency egress routes. The provisions may also
address lighting controls, energy efficiency, and emergency lighting systems.
Emergency Lighting: The IBC may outline requirements for emergency lighting to ensure
safe egress during power outages or emergency situations. These provisions may cover the
installation, location, and performance of emergency lighting systems.

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In general
Comparing and contrasting specific provisions of the International Building Codes (IBC)
with the Ethiopian Building Codes (EBC) would require a detailed analysis of both codes.
However, for now we only see general overview of the differences and similarities between
the two codes.
1. Ventilation: Both the IBC and Ethiopian building codes address ventilation requirements
to ensure adequate airflow and indoor air quality. However, the specific ventilation rates,
design criteria, and methods of compliance may differ between the two codes.
2. Lighting: Both codes emphasize providing sufficient lighting for building occupants.
However, the specific lighting requirements, luminance levels, lighting controls, and
energy efficiency standards may vary between the IBC and Ethiopian building codes.
3. Accessibility: Both the IBC and Ethiopian building codes likely include provisions for
accessibility to accommodate individuals with disabilities. However, the specific
accessibility requirements, including dimensions, clearances, signage, and other details,
may differ between the two codes due to variations in local accessibility standards and 16
regulations.