OPTICAL FIBER

COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Reference: Optical Fiber Communications Third Ed.

Gerd Keiser

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

1
 Basic Communication System
Unguided Radio
Communication, TV,
Message
Transmitter microwave link, Cellular,
source
etc.
Guided  CATV,
Speech,
LAN, PSTN, dll
voice, data, Transmission
video Noise Channel

Convert the
information signal
into fit with Receiver Destination
transmission
channel medium To detect signal from transmission channel,
separate the information signal and remove
the noise, and forward the information to
destination
TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK
2
A Brief History of Fiber-Optic Communications

Indian Smoke Communication

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

3
 A Brief History of Fiber-Optic Communications
1790s, the optical semaphore telegraph invented by French inventor Claude Chappe.
1880, Alexander Graham Bell patented an optical telephone system, which he called the Photophone.
1920s, John Logie Baird in England and Clarence W. Hansell in the United States patented the idea of
using arrays of hollow pipes or transparent rods to transmit images for television or facsimile
systems.
1954, Dutch scientist Abraham Van Heel and British scientist Harold H. Hopkins separately wrote
papers on imaging bundles. Hopkins reported on imaging bundles of unclad fibers, whereas Van Heel
reported on simple bundles of clad fibers. Van Heel covered a bare fiber with a transparent cladding
of a lower refractive index. Abraham Van Heel is also notable for another contribution. Stimulated by
a conversation with the American optical physicist Brian O'Brien, Van Heel made the crucial
innovation of cladding fiber-optic cables.

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

4
 A Brief History of Fiber-Optic Communications
1960, glass-clad fibers had attenuation of about 1 decibel (dB) per meter, fine for medical imaging,
but much too high for communications. In 1961, Elias Snitzer of American Optical published a
theoretical description of a fiber with a core so small it could carry light with only one waveguide
mode. Snitzer's proposal was acceptable for a medical instrument looking inside the human, but
the fiber had a light loss of 1 dB per meter.
1964, a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr. Charles K. Kao for long-range
communication devices, the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard. Dr. Kao also illustrated
the need for a purer form of glass to help reduce light loss.
1970, Corning Glass researchers Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz invented fiber-optic
wire or "optical waveguide fibers" (patent no. 3,711,262), which was capable of carrying 65,000
times more information than copper wire, through which information carried by a pattern of light
waves could be decoded at a destination even a thousand miles away. The team had solved
the decibel-loss problem presented by Dr. Kao. The team had developed a single mode fiber (SMF)
with loss of 17 dB/km at 633 nm by doping titanium into the fiber core.
TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK
5
 A Brief History of Fiber-Optic Communications
1972, Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz invented multimode germanium-doped fiber
with a loss of 4 dB per kilometer and much greater strength than titanium-doped fiber.

1973, John MacChesney developed a modified chemical vapor-deposition process for fiber
manufacture at Bell Labs. This process spearheaded the commercial manufacture of fiber-optic
cable.
1977, General Telephone and Electronics tested and deployed the world's first live telephone
traffic through a fiber-optic system running at 6 Mbps, in Long Beach, California. They were soon
followed by Bell in May 1977, with an optical telephone communication system installed in the
downtown Chicago area, covering a distance of 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers). Each optical-fiber pair
carried the equivalent of 672 voice channels and was equivalent to a DS3 circuit.

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

6
A Brief History of Fiber-Optic Communications
Bell’s Photophone

Claude Chappe (1763-1805)

and his optical telegraph

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

7
 A Brief History of Fiber-Optic Communications

Today more than 80 percent of the world's long-distance voice

and data traffic is carried over optical-fiber cables.

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

8
Optical Fiber Communication – The Evolution

Increase Bit rate – Distance Product

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

9
Optical Fiber Communication – The Evolution
5 Gb/s, 233 km
system with 5
optical amplifiers
1550 nm,
capacity
singlemode
direct detection
1000
1300 nm,
singlemode
100
800 nm,
multimode 1550 nm,
10 singlemode
coherent detection
1.0

0.1
1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

10
Optical Fiber Communication – The Evolution

Wavelength Division Multiplexing – increase

the capacity of transmission

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

11
 Optical Fiber Communication – The Evolution
30 Tb/s

10 Tb/s

3 Tb/s

Increasing
1 Tb/s Experimental
Transmission 300 Gb/s
Capacity per Fiber 100 Gb/s
30 Gb/s • Wide Band OA
10 Gb/s • Non-Zero Dispersion Fiber
• Forward Error Correction
• Polarization Multiplexing
• Optical Add/Drop

‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK
12
TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

Fixed Network –
The Evolution

Sumber: Fifty Years of Fixed Optical Networks Evolution: A Survey of Architectural and Technological Developments in
a Layered Approach 13
 14
Fixed Network –
The Evolution
TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK
 Optical Fiber Communication – The Development

NTT was able to achieve 69.1 Tbit/s transmission by

applying wavelength division multiplex (WDM) of 432
wavelengths with a capacity of 171 Gbit/s over a single 240
km-long optical fiber on March 25, 2010.

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

15
 Optical Fiber Communication – The Development

World Wide Submarine FO

Networks

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

16
Optical Fiber Communication – The Development

Pacific Cable System

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

17
 Optical Fiber Communication – The Development

South-East Asia and

the Far-East

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

18
Optical Fiber Communication – The Development

Indonesia

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

19
Optical Fiber Communication System
• Optical source
Semiconductor laser or LED
•. Modulator
Analog or digital
Direct modulated source or external modulator
• Set of connectors or permanent fiber splice
Join fiber lengths
• Repeater
Electronically detect and regenerate signal
• Optical amplifier
Amplify signal power
• Optical receiver (detector, preamp, logic circuits)
Recover transmitted signal

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

20
 Optical Fiber Communication – The Development
Advantages/Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Optical Fiber - Benefits

• Advantages • Greater capacity

• Noise resistance • Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
• Less signal attenuation • Smaller size & weight
• Higher bandwidth
• Lower attenuation
• Disadvantages
• Electromagnetic isolation
• Cost
• Greater repeater spacing
• Installation/Maintenance
• 10s of km at least
• fragility

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

21
Optical Frequency Spectrum

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

22
Optical Frequency Spectrum

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

23
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Source: TeleGeography research © PriMetrica, 2005

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

24
Typical Windows for Optical Design

Source: Cisco Systems, Inc.

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

25
 Visible Light Spectrum
 Wavelength is the optical term for frequency
 Measure of the Color of light
 Different
colors (wavelengths) exhibit different
characteristics:
ex: red & orange sunsets; yellow fog lights

Visible Light Spectrum

UV IR

300nm 700nm

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

26
 Optical Spectrum Frequency
1460-1530 S-band
1530-1565 C-band
1360-1460 E-band 1565-1625 L-band
10 1260-1360 O-band 1625-1675 U-band

CWDM (1270-1610 nm)

Monitoring
Attenuation (dB/km)

Standard water peak fiber

1.0
Raman EDFA
DWDM
Low water peak fiber
1310 WWDM (50nm) 1550
0.1
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavelength (nm)
TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK
27
The Generation of Optical Fiber Systems
First Generation Second Generation

Purpose: Opportunity:
• Eliminate repeaters in T-1 • Development of low-attenuation fiber (removal
systems used in inter-office of H2O and other impurities)
trunk lines • Eliminate repeaters in long-distance lines
Technology:
• 0.8 µm GaAs semiconductor Technology:
lasers • 1.3 µm multi-mode semiconductor lasers
• Multimode silica fibers
Limitations: • Single-mode, low-attenuation silica fibers
• Fiber attenuation • DS-3 signal: 28 multiplexed DS-1 signals carried
• Intermodal dispersion at 44.736 Mbits/s
deployed since 1974 Limitation:
• Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing ≈ 6 km)
Deployed since 1978

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

28
 The Generation of Optical Fiber Systems
Third Generation Fourth Generation

Opportunity: Opportunity:
• Deregulation of long-distance market • Development of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA)
Technology: Technology (deployment began in 1994):
• 1.55 µm single-mode semiconductor • 1.55 µm single-mode, narrow-band semiconductor lasers
lasers • Single-mode, low-attenuation, dispersion-shifted silica
• Single-mode, low-attenuation silica fibers fibers
• OC-48 signal: 810 multiplexed 64-kb/s • Wavelength-division multiplexing of 2.5 Gb/s or 10 Gb/s
voice channels carried at 2.488 Gbits/s signals
Limitations: Nonlinear effects limit the following system parameters:
• Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing ≈ 40 • Signal launch power
km) • Propagation distance without regeneration/re-clocking
• Fiber dispersion • WDM channel separation
Deployed since 1982 • Maximum number of WDM channels per fiber
Polarization-mode dispersion limits the following
parameters:
• Propagation distance without regeneration/re-clocking

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

29
 The Generation of Optical Fiber Systems

Sumber: Advanced fiber access networks

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

30
The Generation of Optical Fiber Systems

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

31
 The Generation of Optical Fiber Systems

Sumber: Advanced fiber access networks

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

32
 MIND MAPPING
Photodetector Digital
Transmission
System
Power Fiber Joint:
Launching misalignment Theory of light
Opctical
Receiver • Snell Law
• Fresnel Law
Optical sources in
optical fiber FOCS
Optical Fiber
LED , Laser
• Optical Fiber Material
• Optical Fiber
Characteristics
Signal Degradation in
optical fiber The propagation of light in Optical Fiber
Attenuation , Dispersion optical fiber Manufacturing
• Single mode, Multi Mode • Direct Melt
• Step Index, Graded Index • VPO

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

33
 End of this chapter

TTH3H3 - SISTEM KOMUNIKASI OPTIK

34