UNIT 8

BIOMECHANICS
AND SPORTS
INSIDE

 1. Newton’s Law of Motion & its application in sports

 2. Types of Levers and their application in Sports.

 3. Equilibrium – Dynamic & Static and Centre of Gravity

and its application in sports

 4. Friction & Sports

 5. Projectile in Sports
NEWTON’S 1ST LAW – THE LAW OF INERTIA
 ‘A body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.’
 In other words, a body will remain at rest or in motion
unless acted upon by a force. In order to get a body
moving, a force must overcome the body’s tendency to
remain at rest or inertia. The amount of inertia a body
has depends on its mass.
 NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF
ACCELERATION
 When a force is applied to an object it will move in the
direction the force was applied, and, depending on the size
of the force and the size of the object, the object will
accelerate accordingly.
 Smaller object will move faster than a larger one

 A greater force will move an object faster than a smaller

force.
 Newton’s 2nd Law – mass, force & acceleration f = ma
NEWTON’S 3RD LAW OF REACTION
  ‘Whenever a force is applied there is an equal and opposite
reaction.’
  If an athlete exerts a force onto the ground in order to push
off, the ground will exert an equal and opposite force on the
athlete, pushing them up into the air.
  The first force of the athlete pushing into the ground is called
an action force. The second force is called the reaction force
(when the second body applies an opposing force back).
LEVERS

 First class - fulcrum between the weight and the force

 Second class - weight is between the fulcrum and the
force
 Third class - force is between the fulcrum and the weight
 FIRST-CLASS LEVER

 Has fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance

 Atlantooccipital joint lies between the muscles on the back of the
neck and the weight of the face
 loss of muscle tone occurs when you nod off in class

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 SECOND-CLASS LEVER

 Resistance between fulcrum and effort

 Resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis muscle
lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the diagastric
muscle on the chin as it opens the mouth quickly

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 THIRD-CLASS LEVER

 Effort between the resistance and the fulcrum

 most joints of the body
 Theeffort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the
forearm between the elbow joint and the weight of the hand
and the forearm
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 Levers application in sports are:

 Cricket bat (2nd class) - The fulcrum is the top of the handle, the
load is the bat’s body, and the force is closer to the neck of the
handle.
 Kicking - Lower limb (3rd class) – The fulcrum at the knee joint,
force at tibial tuberosity, (attachment of the quadriceps) load is
the foot.
 Jumping - Plantar flexion of the foot (2nd class) – The load is at
the toes, the fulcrum is at the heel, and force is your weight which
is anterior to your heel.
 Looking up/down or side-to-side (1st class) - Your head is
balanced on your atlantooccipital joint, which pivots, similarly to
a see-saw.
 EQUILIBRIUM

 Equilibrium - state of zero acceleration

where there is no change in the speed or
direction of the body
◦ Static
◦ Dynamic
 Balance - ability to control equilibrium,
either static or dynamic
TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM
 Static equilibrium - Body is at rest or completely
motionless
 Dynamic equilibrium - all applied & inertial forces
acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in
movement with unchanging speed or direction

 To control equilibrium & achieve balance, stability

needs to be maximized
 CENTER OF GRAVITY

The center of gravity is defined as “an

imaginary point at which all the body’s mass

seems to be concentrated” its also “that

point in a body about which all the parts

exactly balance each other”.

CENTER OF GRAVITY
Importance and Application of centre of gravity in Sports:-

(a) Helps the athlete to move

(b) Stops the moving object

(c) Helps the athlete to accelerate

(d) Helps the athlete in throwing objects.

(e) Helps the athlete to lift the object.

(f) Helps the athlete to pull the object

 FRICTION
Opposing force between the two surfaces that come in contact.
Always acts in the opposite direction of the applied force
Allows us to walk, run, play sport
Lubricants reduce friction
Types of Friction
1. Static Friction
2. Dynamic Friction
a) Sliding friction b) Rolling Friction
 STATIC FRICTION
 Opposite force that comes into play when one body tends to
move over the surface of another, but the actual motion has
not yet started
  Static friction is the friction that exists between a stationary
object and the surface on which it's resting
  Once the object starts moving, Dynamic (kinetic) friction
takes over
 DYNAMIC FRICTION

The opposing force that comes into play when one body is
moving over the surface of another body. Dynamic friction
may
 Types of Dynamic Friction
1. Rolling friction: Opposing force that comes into play when one
body is rolling over the surface of another body. For example,
wheel, rolling skates,
2. Sliding friction: Opposing force that comes into play when one
body is sliding over the surface of another body. For example-
Ice skating.
 Rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
PROJECTILE
 Any object thrown in space and travels under the
influence of gravity, air resistance and other forces is
called projectile.

Factors affecting Projectile in Sports:-

 Air ressistance

 Gravity

 Speed of release or initial velocity

 Angel of release

 Height of release

 Spin
MADE BY

Sportswala
https://www.youtube.com/@sportswalaa