TRANSPORTATION

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BLOOD
1. Blood is a fluid connective tissue.

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2. Consists of :

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1) Fluid medium  PLASMA

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• Transports food, carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes

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in dissolved form.

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2) Suspended cells
• oxygen is carried by red blood cells
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RBC(RED BLOOD CELLS)

 Red blood cells are red in colour due to the

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presence of a red pigment called haemoglobin

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Red blood cells (RBC) are carriers of oxygen.

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Red blood cells do not have nuclei.

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Each red blood cell lives for about four

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months.

 Red blood cells are made very fast in our

bone marrow.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)

White blood cells fight infection and protect us from

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diseases

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White blood cells are called soldiers of the body

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White blood cells are either spherical in shape or
irregular in shape.

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 White blood cells (WBC) in the blood are much smaller

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in number than red blood cells.

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All the blood cells are made in the bone marrow from
the cells called stem cells.
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 PLATELETS

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If there is any injury and the blood vessels
start bleeding , it will lead into:

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the loss of blood

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Loss of pressure which would reduce the

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efficiency of the heart.

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Platelets are cells which circulate around the body
and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at
these points of injury. (coagulation/clotting)
 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
1) Transports food

2) Red blood cells carry oxygen

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3) Plasma carries carbondioxide and other

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nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form

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4) Substances like salts, hormones are also

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transported

5) Regulates body temperature.

COMMON FEATURES OF TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM

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• Pumping organ to push blood around the body.

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• A network of tubes to reach all tissues

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• A system in place to ensure that this network can

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be repaired if damaged.
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 STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART
 muscular organ
 size of our fist

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 4 chambers to prevent mixing of oxygen rich

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and carbon dioxide rich blood.
- left atrium

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- right atrium

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- left ventricle

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- right ventricle
Septum (dividing wall)
 valves between each pair of atrium - ventricle
 BLOOD VESSELS TO AND FROM HEART

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1) From Lungs to heart  pulmonary veins

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2) From heart to body parts  Aorta/Arteries

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3)From body parts to heart  Venacava (superior,

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inferior)

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4)From heart to lungs  Pulmonary arteries
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION

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SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION

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 STEPS
1)Oxygen rich blood from lungs comes to LA

2) LA relaxes while collecting this blood

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3) LA then contracts

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4) LV expands , allowing blood to enter.

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5) LV contracts, blood is pumped out

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6) De-oxygenated blood comes from body parts to RA, and it
expands

7)RA contracts, RV dilates and blood enters

8)RV contracts and blood flows to lungs for oxygenation

 HEART (PUMP)

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ATRIA AND VENTRICLES

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ATRIA VENTRICLE

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Blood always enter Blood is pumped to

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atria from lungs or lungs or other parts of

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different parts of body the body

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Muscular walls are not Muscular walls are
thick thick
Need for valves in heart chambers

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• Ventricles have to pump blood into various

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organs, they have thicker muscular walls than

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the atria do.

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• Valves ensure that blood does not flow

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backwards when the atria or ventricles

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contract.
VALVES IN HEART

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 IMPORTANCE OF SEPTUM
- Useful to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood from mixing.

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- Allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the
body.

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- This is useful in animals that have high energy

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requirements which constantly use energy to
maintain their body temperature.
ANIMALS WHOSE BODY TEMPERATURE
DEPENDS ON TEMPERATURE IN ENVIRONMENT

Eg : Amphibians/ reptiles
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- 3 chambered heart

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- Tolerates some mixing of oxygenated and

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deoxygenated blood.

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 CIRCULATION IN FISH
Two chambered heart

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Blood is pumped to gills

for oxygenation,

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And passes directly to the
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rest of the body.

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 blood flows only once

through heart.
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 DOUBLE CIRCULATION
PULMONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

RV  LUNGS

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LVBODY PARTS

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LUNGS  LA BODY PARTS  RA

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composed of pulmonary artery composed of inferior and

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and pulmonary vein. superior vena cava, aorta, and

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other small blood vessels.

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Function is to oxygenate the Function is to distribute oxygen

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blood and nutrients throughout the
body while removing the
metabolic wastes.
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 BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES

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Vessels which carry blood Collect blood from Smaller branches of arteries at

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away from heart to different organs and organs where exchange of

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various organs of body bring it back to heart material between blood and

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surrounding cells take place.

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Blood flows under high Blood is not under Walls are one cell thick.

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pressure. high pressure.

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So have thick elastic walls So have thin walls

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Valves absent Valves are present to Capillaries join together to

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make the direction of form veins
blood flow
unidirectional
 BLOOD PRESSURE

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• The force that blood exerts against the wall of

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a vessel is called blood pressure.

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• Greater in arteries than in veins.

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 TWO TYPES OF BLOOD PRESSURE

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1) SYSTOLIC PRESSURE :

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• Pressure of blood inside arteries during ventricular

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contraction( SYSTOLE)

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• 120 mm of Hg

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2)DIASTOLIC PRESSURE:
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• Pressure of blood inside the arteries during

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ventricular relaxation (DIASTOLE)
• 80 mm of Hg
 SPHYGMOMANOMETER

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 Instrument used to measure blood pressure

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Hypertension  High Blood Pressure

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 caused by the constriction of arterioles

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 results in increased resistance to
blood flow.

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 it can lead to the rupture of an artery

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and internal bleeding.

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Hypotension Low Blood Pressure
 HEART BEAT

• One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart is called

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a heart beat.

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• The heart usually beats about 70 to 72 times in a minute.

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PULSE

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• The expansion of an artery each time the blood is forced into

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it, is called pulse.

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• Each heartbeat generates one pulse in the arteries, so the

pulse rate of a person is equal to the number of heartbeats per

minute
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

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 LYMPH / TISSUE FLUID

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LYMPH = plasma + proteins + blood cells

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From capillaries  to intracellular space of

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tissue  LYMPH VESSELS  LARGER VEINS

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 FUNCTION OF LYMPH

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• Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from
intestine

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• Drains excess fluid from extra cellular space

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back into the blood.

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLASMA AND LYMPH

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PLASMA LYMPH

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YELLOW COLOURLESS

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MORE PROTEINS LESS PROTEINS
 TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

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• FUNCTION OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
PLANTS:

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1) Take raw materials like nitrogen , phosphorus

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and other minerals from soil through roots to

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leaves.

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2) Take the prepared food after photosynthesis
from leaves to all other parts of plants.
NEED FOR A TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS:

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1) Large distance between chlorophyll

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containing organs (leaves) and raw materials

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absorbing organs(roots) depending on body

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design.

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2) Simple diffusion is not sufficient.

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PLANTS HAVE SLOW TRANSPORT SYSTEM

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1) Plants do not move

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2) Plant bodies have large proportion of dead

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cells in many tissues.

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3) Energy needs are low.

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4) So the transport systems are slow.

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TWO CONDUCTING TISSUES OF PLANTS

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1) XYLEM  moves water and minerals from
soil to all other parts.

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2) PHLOEM  transports products of

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photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the
plant.
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 XYLEM

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1) Consists of vessels and tracheid.

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2) These are interconnected to form a

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continuous system of water conducting channels

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reaching all parts of the plants.

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3) Process of transport  simple physical forces
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 PROCESS OF XYLEM CONDUCTION-
METHOD - I

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1) At roots , cells in contact with soil  take up
ions.

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2) This creates a difference in concentration of

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ions between roots and soil.

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3) Water moves from soil to root .

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4) This steady movement creates a column of

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water that is steadily pushing upwards.
5) This method is active mainly during night
 METHOD –II(BY SUCTION)

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1) Plants lose water from aerial parts through
stomata  TRANSPIRATION

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2) This creates a suction.

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3) This pulls water from the xylem of the roots.

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4) It also helps in temperature regulation.

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5) This method is major during day when

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stomata are open
 PHLOEM

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1) Consists of sieve tubes and companion cells

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2) Two way transportation

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PHLOEM TRANSPORTATION

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 TRANSPORT OF FOOD

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1) Transport of soluble products of

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photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of

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body through phloem  TRANSLOCATION

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2) Other products transported  Amino acids

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and other substances.

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3) Delivered to  storage organs(roots, fruits,

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seeds ) and growing organs.
4) Utilizes energy from ATP
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5) increases osmotic pressure of tissue

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6) Water will move into tissue.

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7) Material is moved into tissue with less

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pressure.

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