ACIDS,

BASES,SALTS
NOTES
 SUBSTANCES

MIXTURES PURE
SUBSTANCES

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENOUS

SOLUTIONS SUSPENSIONS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS

COLLOIDS ACIDS
METALS
BASES
NON-
METALS
SALTS
METALLOIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF
INDICATORS
COLOUR OLFACTORY
INDICATORS INDICATORS

LITMUS
ONION
METHYL ORANGE

VANILLA EXTRACT
PHELOPHTHALEIN

RED CABBAGES

TURMERIC

FLOWER HYDRANGEA
 COLOUR INDICATORS-
SYNTHETIC
INDICATOR NEUTRAL ACID BASE

LITMUS PURPLE RED BLUE

METHYL ORANGE ORANGE RED YELLOW

PHENOLPHTHALEIN COLOURLESS COLOURLESS PINK

 COLOUR INDICATORS-
NATURAL
INDICATOR NEUTRAL ACID BASE

TURMERIC NATURAL NATURAL RED

COLOUR COLOUR

RED CABBAGE NATURAL RED GREEN

COLOUR

FLOWER BLUE BLUE PINK

HYDRANGEA
OLFACTORY INDICATORS

INDICATOR ACID BASE

ONION/ NATURAL SMELL NO SMELL

VANILLA
EXTRACT/CLOVE
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
ACIDS BASES

Acids have a sour taste Bases have bitter taste.

Bases feel soapy to touch.

Acids turn blue litmus to red Bases turn red litmus blue.

Acid solutions conduct electricity. Bases conduct electricity in solution.

Acids have corrosive nature. Strong bases have corrosive nature.

CHEMICAL ACTION OF
ACIDS AND BASES
ACIDS BASES

All acids produce hydrogen ions (aq) All basess produce hydroxide ions
ions in solution (aq) ions in solution

This is responsible for their acidic This is responsible for their basic
properties. properties.

only in the presence of water. only in the presence of water.

(
 CLASSIFICATION OF
ACIDS & BASES
ACIDS BASES
1) BASED ON SOURCE
 ORGANIC ACIDS
 MINERAL ACIDS
2) BASED ON STRENGTH 1) BASED ON STRENGTH
 STRONG ACIDS  STRONG BASES
 WEAK ACIDS  WEAK BASES
3) BASED ON CONCENTRATION 2) BASED ON CONCENTRATION
 DILUTE ACIDS  DILUTE BASES
 CONCENTRATED ACIDS  CONCENTRATED BASES
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ACIDS BASES

ACID + METAL  SALT + Hydrogen Gas BASE + METAL  SALT + HYDROGEN

ACID + METAL CARBONATE SALT +

WATER +

ACID + METAL HYDROGEN CARBONATE

SALT + WATER +

ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER

ACID + METAL OXIDE  SALT + WATER BASE + NON METAL OXIDE  SALT +
WATER
DILUTION OF ACIDS &
BASES

 The process of mixing acid/base with water is called

dilution of acid/bases.
 This decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions /
hydroxide ions() per unit volume.
 Highly exothermic process(local heating)
 Acids/ bases must be added to water slowly with
constant stirring.
 Can cause mixture to splash out and cause burns
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF
STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES
UNIVERSAL INDICATOR:

• Mixture of several Indicators.

• Shows different colours at different concentrations

of hydrogen ions in a solution.

• Used in finding pH value of a solution

PH SCALE

- A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

- Made up of paper impregnated with universal indicator

pH  potenz (in German) = Power

 PH VALUE
Range of pH scale is from 0 to 14
0 very acidic
7  neutral
14  very alkaline

0 to 7(ACIDIC)
Higher concentration  lower pH value highly acidic
Lower concentration  higher pH value weakly acidic .

7 to 14(ALKALINE)
Lower concentration  lower pH value weakly alkaline
Higher concentration  higher pH value highly alkaline .
VARIATION OF PH
IMPORTANCE OF PH
1) Acid rain
2) Soil acidity
3) Acidity in humans
4) Acidity in stomach
5) Tooth decay
SALTS
* A salt is a compound formed from an acid by the
replacement of the hydrogen in the acid by a metal.

*Salts having same positive or negative radicals are said to

belong to a family.

Eg: NaCl and NaN

KCl and NaCl

Strong acids: Weak acids:
Hydrochloric acid All Organic acids
Hydrobromic acid (HBr) Hydrofluoric acid(HF)
Hydroiodic acid (HI) Nitrous acid(HNO2)
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Sulphurous acid(H2SO3)
Nitric acid (HNO3) Carbonic acid(H2CO3)
Chloric acid (HClO3) Phosphoric acid(H3PO4)
Perchloric acid (HClO4) Acetic acid(CH3COOH)
Formic acid(HCOOH)
STRONG BASES WEAK BASES

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Ammonia
Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)
Ammonium
Caesium hydroxide (CsOH)
Hydroxide
Strontium hydroxide
(Sr(OH)2)
Calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2)
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH)
SALT FAMILY
1) All chlorides  formed from hydrochloric acid + base
2) All sulphates  formed from sulphuric acid + base
3) All carbonates  formed from carbonic acid + base
4) All nitrates  formed from nitric acid + base
SALTS
EQUATIONS OF SALTS
Na OH + HCl  NaCl +
2NaCl (aq) + 2 H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
Ca (OH) 2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O

2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 +H2O +CO2

Na2CO3 +10 H2O  Na2CO3. 10 H2O