LTT4G-82Y8

P: 6YT2ADEJ
 University of Benghazi

onsolidation
Faculty of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

2022-2023
C
Soil Mechanics Lab CE331
Index :
 Index :
Introduction Experiment

Types of settlement: Purpose

Elastic settlement Standard reference

Consolidation settlement
Equipment

Consolidation settlement : Test procedure

Primary
Secondary Analysis

Calculation
Introduction:

The compression effect on soil :

(1)deformation of soil particles

(2)relocations of soil particles
3)expulsion of water or air from the void spaces

Compressibility :
Is the ease with which
a soil decreases in
volume when
subjected to
mechanical load.

Settlement
 Settlement

Uniformly Non-uniformly
Settlement Settlement

* Normal *Tipping
*Differential
No Cracks Mostly without
With cracks
cracks
Pisa tower
 Type of Settlement

Immediate/Elastic Primary secondary

*It is occurs in
most types of *It occurs in
soil saturated / saturated soil * It occurs in
Unsaturated soil saturated soil
*time
*Immediately dependent time dependent
content with decrease in
*with decrease water
*without any in water content
change in water
content
 Immediate /Elastic
Settlement

Type of
Type of soil
Foundation

Flexible rigid
Relations for Elastic
settlement Calculation:
Δơ= applied pressure on foundation
α= factor that depends on the location on the foundation where
settlement is being calculated
B’=
B : minimum width of footing
μs: poisson’s ratio
Es = average modules of elasticity of the soil under foundation
(Z:) ̅Measured from Z = 0 to ( H or 5B )
Is : shape factor
If : depth factor (from table )
Df : foundation depth
When Df = 0 the value of If = 1 in all cases
Consolidation:
Borings:
Purpose:
This test is performed to determine the magnitude and rate of
volume decrease that a laterally confined soil specimen undergoes
when subjected to different vertical pressures. From the measured
data, the consolidation curve (pressure-void ratio relationship) can
be plotted. This data is useful in determining the compression
index, and the preconsolidation pressure (or maximum past
pressure) of the soi. In addition, the data obtained can also be used
to determine the coefficient of consolidation and the coefficient of
secondary compression of the soil.
Standard Reference:
ASTM D 2435 - Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional
Consolidation Properties of Soils.

Significance:
The consolidation properties determined from the
consolidation test are used to estimate the magnitude and the
rate of both primary and secondary consolidation settlement of
a structure or an earthfill. Estimates of this type are of key
importance in the design of engineered structures and the
evaluation of their performance.
Equipment:

Consolidation ring
Two porous stones
Loading pad
Dial gauge (accuracy of 0.002mm)
Stop watch
Knife or spatula or fine metal wires
Weighing balance (accuracy of 0.01g)
Consolidometer or oedometer
Analysis:
Parameters:

1.Preconsolidations pressure (σ’c):

O.C.R=

2. Compression Index ):
3. Swell Index ( ):
4. Coefficient of compressibility (

5. Coefficient of volume compressibility () :

6. The secondary compression index () :

=
 7. Coefficient of consolidation

Logarithm of time method Square-Root-Of-time

(Casagrande) method (Taylor)
8. Coefficient of permeability (K) :
Relation between e & Effective pressure
Graphic procedure for determining
preconsolidation pressure
Effect of disturbance on void ratio-pressure
relationship :
Normally consolidated clay of low to
medium plasticity :
Overconsolidated clay of low to medium
plasticity :
Settlement ( secondary consolidation index )
Determination coefficient of consolidation:

Logarithm of time method ( Casagrande)

Square root of time method ( Taylor)
Thank you
Prepared by: Mabroka Muftah Akjam
Amna Ehmaid Alagory
Rema Mustafa Alomami
Shahed Tarek Busen

Supervised by :Ms. Fathia Elsawi