Modeling of confined brick

masonry building using abaqus software.

Submitted to Submitted by
Dr. S. Mandal Subhajit Mondal
Roll no – 22062002
M.Tech Structural engineering
Confined Masonry

I.I.T BHU
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description page
Introduction 3
What is Confined masonry 4-8
Structural Component of Confined masonry 9 - 11
Confined masonry VS RC frame construction 12 - 13
Unconfined vs. Confined in case of Earthquake 14 - 15

Literature review 16 - 17

Summary of analysis methods for confined masonry

Response reduction factor
The failure modes of confined masonry structures
Codal Provisions of NBC(2016)
Analytical modaling of CBM for In-plane flexural resistance
and Shear strength resistance.
 INTRODUCTION
• The history of confined brick masonry (CBM) can be traced back to the early 20th
century when the vulnerabilities of unreinforced masonry (URM) to seismic activity
became apparent. Particularly after the 1908 earthquake in Italy and the 1929
earthquake in Chile, CBM began to be widely implemented.
• Confined masonry structures have also been used extensively in earthquake-prone
regions such as South America and Asia. In the early 20th century, the technique
was widely adopted in South America, particularly in Peru, where it was used to
construct buildings that could withstand earthquakes.
• Over the last 100 years, confined masonry construction has emerged as a building
technology that offers an alternative to both unreinforced masonry and RC frame
construction. In fact, confined masonry has features of both these technologies.
• Today, of the existing building stock in India, about 45% of houses are made of
burnt clay brick and about 10% of natural stone. Thus, over half of India’s
population lives in Unreinforced Masonry houses.
 What is Confined Masonry?
• Alternative to minimally reinforced masonry with RC bands and
vertical bars and RC frame construction.
• Masonry load-bearing walls with clay bricks or concrete blocks.
• Vertical (tie columns) and horizontal RC (tie beams) as confining
elements on all four sides.
• Tie members are of smaller cross section (only tensile resisting
elements not flexural elements).
• Confined masonry is a construction system where the walls are
built first, and the columns and beams are poured in afterwards to
enclose (confine) the wall.
 What is Confined Masonry?
• Confined masonry (CM) consists of RC confining vertical and
horizontal confining elements that are cast in-situ around URM
wall segments built in small heights.
• Concrete in these RC elements is poured after the walls are made.
• In-situ concrete fills all gaps and covers vertical bars protruding out
from the foundation.
• On hardening of concrete, the RC elements hold the masonry wall
segments snugly without any gap between them.
• The snug action is created by the toothing left in the masonry
walls at wall corners and junctions, and adjoining door, window
and ventilator openings.
What is Confined Masonry?
Confined masonry Vs. RC frame constructions
• Sequence of construction
– Confined masonry: Confining elements subsequent to
wall construction
• Gravity and lateral load carrying schemes different
– Load-bearing walls versus frame action
• Foundations
– Running foundation vs. footings
What is Confined Masonry?
Comparison between the confined masonry and RC frame construction
 Structural components
• Foundation - All elements of construction from soil
level to ground level.
• Plinth - All elements of construction from ground
level to floor level.
• Wall - Masonry wall, vertical RC elements and
horizontal RC bands.
• Roof - RC slab with all finishes on it in a flat roof,
wood/steel truss, clay tiles/sheeting and all finishes
on it in a pitched roof.
 Structural components
• Confining Elements - Vertical RC elements,
Horizontal RC bands at plinth, sill and lintel levels in
a house with flat roof, and RC eaves and gable bands
in a house with pitched roof
The failure modes of confined masonry
structures.
The failure modes of confined masonry structures can
be broadly categorized into following types :-

1. in-plane failures
2. out-of-plane failures
3. Connection failures
4. diaphragm failures
5. foundation failures
 Factors influencing the effectiveness
of confining elements.
• Location
• Size
• Shape
• reinforcement detailing
• number of tie-columns
• number of tie-beams
 Literature Review
Title Author Name Result

Seismic Capacity Ahmed, Ahmad, Khan By confinement, the brick masonry of

Assessment of Confined Shahzada,Naqash, the lateral strength of the model
Brick Masonry Bashir Alam, Fahad, structure is doubled in this research
Building: An and Sajjad Khan. study as compared to the unconfined
Experimental Approach brick masonry tested

Earthquake-Resistant Svetlana Brzev Confined masonry construction is more

Confined masonry expensive than unreinforced masonry
construction construction and requires somewhat
higher level of labor skills, however its
earthquake performance is significantly
better than unreinforced masonry
construction

NBC-2016

Title
Study of confined masonry
buildings in seismic areas
Confined masonry guidebook
(CBM)
Response reduction factor of
irregular RC buildings in
Kathmandu valley
Literature Review
Author Name Result
Sorina Constantinescu 1. The confined masonry building shows a
stiff behavior.
2. The plastic mechanism is formed the way
theory suggests: plastic hinges develop first
in the tie beams and then at the base of the
slender columns.
Tom Schacher
Hemchandra Chaulagain, 1.The response reduction factor for regular
Hugo Rodrigues, Enrico building is higher then the irregular
Spacone, Ramesh Guragain, buildings.
Radhakrishna Mallik and 2. Load path of the structure should be
Humberto Varum complete other wise Rf value of the
structure will be vary lesser.
3. the strong-column-weak-beam criteria in
design slightly
changes the ‘R’ value mostly in irregular
buildings. This criteria help to increase the
value of Rf .
Recommendations of (NTC-M 2004)
 Codal Provisions of NBC(2016)
• Description
 Alternative to minimally reinforced masonry with RC
bands and vertical bars and RC frame construction.
 Masonry load-bearing walls
o With clay bricks, hollow bricks or concrete blocks.
 Vertical (tie columns) and horizontal RC (tie beams) as
confining elements on all four sides
 Tie members are of smaller cross section
o Not flexural elements as in RC frame construction
o Only tensile-resisting elements
 Codal Provisions of NBC(2016)
• Structural components
– Load-bearing masonry walls
– Gravity load-resisting elements
• Bracing against lateral actions (along with tie elements)
– Confining elements
• Horizontal/vertical ties; provide tensile strength and ductility to
wall panels
– Floor and roof slabs
• Rigid horizontal diaphragms
• Transmitting gravity and lateral forces
– Plinth band
• Tie beam transferring vertical/horizontal forces from wall panel to
foundation.
– Foundation
 Earthquake-Resistant Construction
Guidelines
• Number of storeys
– Categories B and C:Up to 5 storeys
– Categories D and E : Up to 4 storeys
• Confining elements
– Tie beams at plinth and every floor level
– Vertical spacing of tie beams not exceeding 3m.
– Tie columns at maximum spacing of 4m (200mm or
thicker) or 3m (100-114mm thick Walls)
– Tie columns at corners of walls and wall-to-wall
intersections
– Tie columns at free ends of wall, door/window jambs
 Earthquake-Resistant Construction
Guidelines
• Walls
– Wall thickness:
• 100-114 mm: One or two-storied;
• 200-230 mm for more than two-storied structures
• Wall Density
– Total cross sectional area of confined wall panels in one
direction divided by the sum of floor plan areas of all
floors
– At least 2% in each orthogonal direction for good
earthquake performance (seismic zone III);3%(zone IV)
and 4.5% (zone V)
 Construction Details

• Walls
– Wall panel height to thickness ratio less than 30.
– Toothed edges on each side of the wall (tooth projection
≤ 40 mm for full concrete filling)
– Use horizontal dowels in addition at wall-tie column
interface.
– Formwork to be provided on two sides of the wall
 Construction details – Tie-Columns
• Minimum cross- sectional dimensions:
– 100*100mm or 114*114 mm (100 or 114 mm thick
walls)
– 150*200 mm or 150*230 mm(230 or 200 mm thick
walls)
– Square cross section of 200mm or 230 mm at corners.
• Tie columns at corner:
– 4 no's, HYSD bars,6 mm ties at 100c/c (ends 500 mm)
and 200 c/c (shaft)
• Lapping vertical bars: 50d
Construction details – Tie-Columns
• Longitudinal bars:
• Category B and C: 8mm diameter (4-
storey);10 mm (5-storey)
• Category D and E: 10mm diameter (3-
storey);12 mm(4-storey)
• Tie columns at jambs:
• 2 long. Bars (dia. as in corner columns) and
100 mm thickness; 6mm tie bars
 Construction details – Tie Beams
• Tie beams are placed at the top of walls at each floor
level
• Minimum cross-sectional dimension:
– 100*100 mm(100 mm thick walls)
– 150*200 mm (200 mm thick walls)
– 150*230mm (230 mm thick walls)
• Longitudinal bars:
– 4 no’s HYSD bars (longitudinal),6 mm stirrups at 200c/c.
– Lapping longitudinal bars: 50 d.
 Construction details – Tie Beams
– Category B and C: 8mm diameter ; Category D
and E : 10 mm diameter
• Lintel bands are required
• Detailing of tie – beam to tie –column
connection is critical
 Construction details-Foundation and plinth
construction
• In-terms of foundation and plinth :-
• It is a running foundation which we typically used
as a regular foundation for confined masonry wall,
where plinth beam must be provided continuously
above the running foundation. And then the masonry
wall construction proceeds. And from the plinth
beam we have the location tie column ,the steel of
tie columns are imbedded and tied with the steel
reinforcement of the plinth beam itself.
 In-plane flexural resistance
• Since confining elements are not load-bearing, they
are not considered rigorously in assessing the
flexural resistance of the confined wall
• Depth of equivalent ultimate compression
ɛ
stress
u
block: A rv

A rv
N

d d
• Ɛrv’
ɛrv X
ɛc = ɛm = 0.0035
 In-plane flexural resistance
Tr Fw Fr

a
(L)/2 (L)/2
• a= N/(0.85*f’m *t)-d(n-1)
• Where equivalence factor: n = f’c / f’m .
• N= 0.85 *f’m *(a-d)*t+ 0.85 *f’c *d*t+Arv*fy - Arv*fy
• Mu=Arv*fY*(l-d)+ 0.85 *f’m *(a-d)*t*(L/2-d-a/2)+0.85
*f’m*d*t*n*(L/2-d/2)
 In-plane flexural resistance
• If contribution of compression steel is ignored in the
formulation (conservatively):
• N= 0.85 *f’m *(a-d)*t+ 0.85 *f’c *d*t - Arv*fy
• a=((N+Arv*fy)/(0.85* f’m *t))-d*(n-1)
• Mu=Arv*fY*(l/2-d/2)+ 0.85 *f’m
*(a-d)*t*(L/2-d-a/2)+0.85 *f’m*d*t*n*(L/2-d/2)
 In-plane shear resistance
• Shear strength model:
• In addition to compression stresses due to gravity loads,
compression stresses due to interaction forces are
developed at the wall-tie element interface .
• Ni is the additional compression force coming from
resistance to overturning offered by confining elements
• σ0= σ0,v +σ0,i
• σ0,v is the compressive stress in masonry due to imposed
vertical load N.
• σ0,i is the additional compressive stress in masonry due to
interaction forces (shape and level of interaction: analogy
 In-plane shear resistance
Ni

•
Xt
H

h
YH

H Xb

Ni
L
 Shear strength model
• In the expression below,α is a geometric parameter
associated to shape and distribution of interaction
forces (typically taken as 5/4);
• σ0=σ0,v+σ0,i = (Nw/Aw)+(Ni/Aw)
• Ni = H*(h/α/L)=H*(nw/α)
• Nw = h/L
 Shear strength of a URM wall
• Shear strength of a URM wall:
• Hu = ftu*Aw*((1+((σ0/ftu)))^0.5)/b
• σ0=σ0,v+σ0,i = ((Nw)/(Aw))+((1/(Aw))*(H*(nw)/α))
• Contribution of masonry panel to the shear resistance of
a confined element:
• Hs,w = (ftu*Aw /CI /b)*(1+(CI2*(1+(Nw/ ftu/Aw))+)^0.5)
• CI is the interaction coefficient that takes into account
distribution of interaction forces and distribution of
shear stresses along horizontal wall across section C I=
(2*α*b)/h
 Shear strength model
• Contribution of tie column reinforcement due to dowel
action, where n is the number of reinforcing bars:
• Hd,rv=n*0.806*drv2((f’c *fy)^0.5)

• Shear resistance of the confined masonry wall is

calculated as:
• Hs,conf = Hs,w +Hd,rv
IS 1893 recommendation for
Equivalent Strut
Summary of analysis methods for confined masonry

• Type of analysis methods for confined masonry :

– Simplified Methods
• Monolithic Model
• Wide Column Model
• Strength Equations
– Macro Modelling
• Equivalent Strut
• Finite Element Models
– Micro Modelling
• Simplified micro modelling
• Micro modelling
 Finite Element modelling

Analytical modeling involves developing mathematical equations and models to

describe the behavior of CBM structures under different loading conditions, while
numerical modeling involves using computer software to simulate and analyze the
behavior of CBM structures.
Numerical modeling of CBM structures involves using specialized software such as
finite element analysis (FEA) or discrete element modeling (DEM) to simulate and
analyze the behavior of the structure. These models can take into account more
complex factors than analytical models, such as the nonlinear behavior of the
masonry and concrete materials, the effects of soil-structure interaction, and the
behavior of connections between the masonry walls and reinforced concrete
elements.

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 Research gape
• Effect of confinement on different types of brick masonry: Most of the
studies on confined brick masonry have been conducted on clay brick
masonry. There is a need to investigate the behavior of other types of brick
masonry, such as concrete brick masonry, under confinement.

• Behavior of confined brick masonry under cyclic loading: Most of the

studies on confined brick masonry have been conducted under monotonic
loading. However, in seismic and wind events, the loading is typically
cyclic. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the behavior of confined
brick masonry under cyclic loading.

• Influence of different parameters on the behavior of confined brick

masonry: The behavior of confined brick masonry is influenced by several
parameters, such as the diameter of the reinforcement, the spacing of the
reinforcement, the thickness of the mortar joints, and the strength of the
masonry. There is a need to investigate the influence of these parameters
on the behavior of confined brick masonry.
 Research gape

• Development of design guidelines: Although there have been

several studies on the behavior of confined brick masonry,
there are no comprehensive design guidelines available for
engineers. Therefore, there is a need to develop design
guidelines based on the behavior of confined brick masonry
under different loading conditions.
• Experimental validation of numerical models: Numerical
models have been developed to simulate the behavior of
confined brick masonry under different loading conditions.
However, there is a need for experimental validation of these
models to ensure their accuracy and reliability.
Thank You

The Ends

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