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Geotechnical Engineering II/Foundation Engineering

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Dilip Kumar Baidya
Department of Civil Engineering

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Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Quick Review of Soil Mechanics

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Soil Classification

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Indian Sieves: 4.75 mm, 2.00 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron,
425 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron, 75 micron and pan

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Department of Civil Engineering
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Soil Classification

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Sieve size Weight retained Cumulative Cumulative % % finer
weight retained retained
4.75 mm 11.02 11.02 3.67 96.33

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2.40 mm 30.45 41.47 13.82 86.18
1.20 mm 46.26 87.73 29.24 70.76

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600 µ 48.73 136.46 45.49 54.51
425 µ 50.27 186.73 62.24 37.76

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300 µ 45.49 232.22 77.41 22.59
150 µ 40.21 272.43 90.81 9.19
75 µ 20.33 292.76 97.59 2.41
Pan 7.24 300.00 100.00 ----

Dilip Kumar Baidya

Department of Civil Engineering
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Soil Classification
Shape parameters

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D60
Coefficient of uniformity, Cu 
D10

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Coefficient of curvature, C c 
D30
2

D10 D60

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A large Coefficient of uniformity, Cu corresponds to a large range in grain sizes, and
soil is regarded as well graded. A coefficient of 1 represent soil sizes of the same

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magnitude . Generally soils whose Cu is less than 4 are considered as uniform.

Cc is the measure of the shape of the grain size distribution curve. For a Cu value of
about 1, the soil is considered well graded. For Cu much less or much larger than 1,
the soil is viewed as poorly graded

Dilip Kumar Baidya

Department of Civil Engineering
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Soil Classification

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Plasticity Chart

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Department of Civil Engineering
Soil Classification
Liquid Limit

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Plastic Limit

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Plasticity index,
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I p  wl  w p

Dilip Kumar Baidya

Department of Civil Engineering
 Soil Classification

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Indian Standard soil classification system: Grain size analysis (sieve and hydrometer) and

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plasticity chart are used for this purpose
1st one to define soil type

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Soil Type Prefix Sub group Suffix
Gravel G Well graded W and 2nd one for defining
subgroup. Example: SP –

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Sand S Poorly gradded P
Poorly graded sand, SM –
Silt M Silty M silty sand

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Clay C Clayey C
Organic O wl > 35 per cent L
35<wl<50 I
Peat Pt Wl < 50 per cent H

Dilip Kumar Baidya

Department of Civil Engineering
Soil Classification
Steps in soil Classification

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• Determine whether the given soil is of organic origin or coarse grain or

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fine grained.
• If 50% or more of the soil by weight is retained on the 75 micron sieve, it is

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course grained ; if not, it is fine grained
• If 50% of the coarse fraction (75 micron) is retained on the 4.75 mm sieve,

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classify the soil as gravel; if not classify as sand.
• If the soil fraction passing through the 75 micron sieve is less than 5%
determine the gradation of soil by calculating Cu and Cc from the GSD
curve. GW, SW or GP, SP
Dilip Kumar Baidya
Department of Civil Engineering
 Soil Classification

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If more than 12% passes through the 75 micron sieve , perform the liquid limit and plastic
limit tests on the soil fraction passing through the 0.425 mm mm sieve. Use the IS Plasticity

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chart to determine the classification (GM, SM, GC, SC)

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If the soil is fine determine liquid limit and plastic limit on the soil fraction passing 425
micron sieve and determine the plasticity index

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If the limits plot below the A-line, classify as silt (M). Further if liquid limit is less than 35,

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classify as ML; if liquid limit between 35 and 50, classify as MI; if liquid limit is greater than
50 classify as MH

If the limits plot above A-line, classify as clay (c). Assign the group symbol CL or CI or CH
depending on the value of liquid limit.
Dilip Kumar Baidya
Department of Civil Engineering
Soil Classification

Relative Density, Dr 
emax  e

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emax  emin

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Dilip Kumar Baidya
Department of Civil Engineering
Soil Classification

Relative density Soil type

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<15% Very loose

15%-35% Loose

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35% -65% Medium

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65%-85% Dense

>85% Very Dense

Dilip Kumar Baidya

Department of Civil Engineering
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ThankTYou
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Dilip Kumar Baidya
Department of Civil Engineering